The Hawke Labor Government :: essays research papers

Affect of the Ideology of the Hawke motor Government on Interactions with Business and SocietySince the Second World War, the Australian state has adopted a distinguishable approach in its dealings with society and business. This approach has been characterised by government intervention in the activities of business and a comprehensive welfare system destiny the vulnerable segments of society. Often, government intervenes in the activities of business to force industries to assume a social welfare capacity. Successive governmental actions fork out been influenced by the ideologies of the incumbent party. These ideologies have not merely made sense of social or economic realities, they acted as guides for government policy. Through the critical use of supporting evidence, the affect of the Hawke labor party government upon relations with business and society will be examined.The Hawke and later Keating governments were often accused by the Socialist left of subverting or ignorin g Labors traditional egalitarian ideology. While its ideology may be the filter through which Labor saw social and economic realities, it was constrained by world(prenominal) competition and lagging economic growth to adopt a more pragmatic approach under some circumstances. Economic contraction coupled with utmost unemployment and interest rates meant Labor needed to adopt a measure of economic liberalism, in the same way as Social Democrat European governments are compelled to presently.Hawkes Labor championed the disadvantaged, however defined, and altered Australian society by acting upon its ideology of egalitarianism. Socialism has consistently been associated with the welfare of an oppress class (Heywood 1997, p. 50). Following the second world war, the Labor movement had been at the forefront of the campaign for granting aboriginal Australia voting rights. Consistent with that association, the Hawke government continued Labors special protection of aborigines with the Abo riginal and Torres Strait Islander Act of 1990. That special protection was granted upon the aboriginal is in keeping with Labors Socialist ethos - that of equal outcomes, not necessarily equal opportunity, and the belief that economic differences are due to differing social environments. Bauman explains the intention of the inventors of the welfare state, and the theory that front deprivation made special protection necessary"What they had in mind was getting rid of the deprivation which made collective care or dogmatic discrimination necessary in the first place to compensate for the inequality of chances and thus make chance equal." (Bauman 1998, p. 61)Upon critical assessment, Labors recent manipulation of aboriginal Australia could be interpreted as being in contradiction with its ideology.

Teen Marriage Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Relationship Essays

Teen Marriage What is marriage? Marriage is the institution whereby men and women be joined in a special kind of social and legal dependence for the purpose of founding and maintaining a family (Marriage 729). The fact is, marriage, to most of society, is something much more than that. To some, marriage is the uniting of their souls to others, it is merely an escape from their fear, their pain, and their agony. The sad the true about it is that many of those marriages will end in divorce. So how do couples know if what they have will last forever? It is impossible to know for sure. No wiz can tell them that they definitely have what it takes to make a marriage last. Marriage is about compromise and understanding. It is also about bring out and take. If one party in the marriage is unwilling to give, and only takes, the marriage will be short lived. Statistics show that in 1998, 2,256,000 couples became espouse, and 1,135,000 couples became divorced (Fast 1,2). For ever y two couples get married, there is one that is getting divorced. In fact, half of ALL marriages end in divorce (Ayer 41). That is a sad reality to face. Those percentage rates development as the age of the participants decrease. It seems these days, fewer and fewer teens between the ages of 14 and 18 atomic number 18 getting married. This is a change for the better. Teens ar usually not prepared for marriage. Marriage comes with many responsibilities most of which teens are not prepared to handle. Early marriage, though possessing certain inherent dangers, is widely practiced in contemporary America (Teenage 1). Even if teens feel they have the potential for a lasting marriage, they should still wait to become married. One of many arguments against this is that if the teens feel they are destined to be together and they wait to become married, there is a strong potential for pregnancy before marriage. However, just because teens wait to become married does not mean that th ey wait to share the privileges that married couples share. Today, sex before marriage is widely practiced. Many couples, who are not even considering marriage, have sex. Chances are that if a teen couple is thinking about marriage, they probably have already had intercourse. Allowing the teens to become married would only encourage sex before they are fully prepared to handle the responsibilities that come ... ...ociety we do not need teens, which are not ready for marriage, to be married. Marriage is all about compromise, understanding, and give and take. Teens have not fully grasped that concept yet. They need to experience more in life before becoming married. They are missing out on so much it is truly not worth it to rush into marriage.Works CitedAyer, Eleanor H. Everything you need to know about teen marriage. 1st ed. New York Rosen Pub. Group, 1990.Fast Stats A to Z. online Available http//www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/ default .html, March 7, 2001.Holt, Chat al Danino. The three Rs of Relationships. online Available http//www.aboutyourmarriage.com/communicating/article/ three_r.html, February 12, 2001.Holtrop, Holly. Personal interview, March 12, 2001.Marriage. Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. 1991.Teenage Marriage bid it carefully online Available http//www.bible .ca/ f-teen- marriage.html, February 14, 2001.Tobin, Dr. Michael. Personal Responsibility. online Available http//www. aboutyourmarriage.com/columns/drtobin/responsibilities.html, February 7, 2001.

Perfection According to Mayrs What is Evolution :: What is Evolution Essays Mayr

Perfection According to Mayrs What is EvolutionIn his book titled What is Evolution, Ernst Mayr bravely attempts to rationalize the complex biological processes of the development of plants and animals. His book, however, reaches beyond the realm of the science text book. With What is Evolution he attempts to educate an audience which may not have a strong science background but instead a strong literary background. Through this book Mayr strives for a mid-level account of developing, written not unspoilt for scientists but for the educated public. In short, he attempts to write a (non-fiction) scientific novel. Though his attempt to combine great literature and hard science is admirable he often gets himself into awkward situations when trying to please both the scientific and artistic sensibilities. His major problem in the book surrounds the use of the contrive utter(a). As a biologist, it may be easy to pass this word off as a synonym of adaptedness, simply meaning well-suit ed to ones environment. As a literary-minded person, permit alone English major, however, this word cannot slip by so easily. To the novel-reader, more than to the science-reader, this word carries a lot of baggage which cannot be ignored. So, why does Mayr use this word and what is he really trying to say? Does Mayr truly believe that evolution can be perfect? The baggage that gets snared when Mayr uses the word perfect in his discussions of evolution is the complicated literary definition given to this word. Exact and flawless are some common synonyms of the word perfect. Perfection is something that has reached the pinnacle, the zenith of existence. Nothing which is perfect needs both alterations, modifications or changes. When something is perfect it exists with ease. It does not struggle to remain where it is, and it does not struggle to remain alive it works in harmony with its environment. Going beyond the definition, something that is perfect is commonly more highly valued than those things around it which have not yet reached perfection. People place a certain amount of value on things that occur with ease. The human race seems constantly to be striving for something that is faster, cleaner. Something that can achieve these goals with ease earns the title of perfection and is highly. The only problem with perfection, as least in the realm of science, is that once the peak of perfection is reached there is no place towards it can further develop.

Pro Assisted Suicide Essay -- Death With Dignity euthanasia

Death With DignityToday, American society is obsessed with the young and booming and their endlesspursuit of beauty, fame, and fortune. People are bombarded with images of youthfulness in movies,music, and ads for ordinary items such as toothpaste. Advertisers create the illusion that peoplecan forever defer death by plastering ?anti-aging? across chemists shop aisles to sell their products. Inthe search for eternal youth, people become desensitized to the importance of life?s inescapableend. Every day, countless people quietly commotion away after long and painful struggles with terminalillnesses, and their loved ones are often reduced to deep in thought(p) observers. Terminally ill patients arenot however a statistic they are mothers, fathers, children, friends, and lovers who leave behindmany distraught loved ones in death. By inveterate to prohibit assisted suicide, the law deniesmany terminally ill patients the peaceful death they desire. Instead, patients must waste aw ayslowly and endure constant pain, unless they digest powerful and expensive medications to dulltheir senses. However, no heart and soul of medication can remedy emotional pain, and patientssometime feel helpless and alone because death is their lone(prenominal) release from suffering (Girsh 3).The law cannot rightfully abridge the special circumstances of terminal illnesses and deny peoplea dignified death simply because they persist in brain function. Terminally ill patients need an plectrum to prevent spending their final days, months, or years painfully deteriorating as theyapproach their inevitable deaths.throughout the controversy, the public has focused on moral aspects of assisted suicideand overlooked the fact that one form has already been in practice for nine ye... ...situation of terminally ill patients over their personalconvictions and abolish the boundaries retention them from having a peaceful end to their lives.Works Cited?2-to-1 Majorities Continue to Suppor t Rights to Both Euthanasia and Doctor-Assisted suicide.?The Harris Poll 9 January 2002Death with Dignity National Center. 2006. 27 jar against 2006 .Girsh, Faye. ?Patients Should Be Given More Control Over Their Deaths.? USA Today March2000.Levinson, Sanford. ?Assisted self-annihilation Should be Legalized.? The Nation 21 July 1997.Oregon segment of Human Services Report, 1994-1005. Oregon Department of HumanServices. 2006. 27 March 2006 ?Physician Assisted Suicide Legislative Statute.? Oregon Department of Human Services. 2006.21 March 2006 . Pro Assisted Suicide Essay -- Death With Dignity euthanasiaDeath With DignityToday, American society is obsessed with the young and successful and their endlesspursuit of beauty, fame, and fortune. People are bombarded with images of youth in movies,music, and ads for ordinary items such as toothpaste. Advertisers create the illusion that peoplecan forever defer death by plastering ?anti-aging? across drugstore aisles to s ell their products. Inthe search for eternal youth, people become desensitized to the importance of life?s inevitableend. Every day, countless people quietly pass away after long and painful struggles with terminalillnesses, and their loved ones are often reduced to helpless observers. Terminally ill patients arenot merely a statistic they are mothers, fathers, children, friends, and lovers who leave behindmany distraught loved ones in death. By continuing to prohibit assisted suicide, the law deniesmany terminally ill patients the peaceful death they desire. Instead, patients must waste awayslowly and endure constant pain, unless they have powerful and expensive medications to dulltheir senses. However, no amount of medication can remedy emotional pain, and patientssometime feel helpless and alone because death is their only release from suffering (Girsh 3).The law cannot rightfully ignore the special circumstances of terminal illnesses and deny peoplea dignified death simply becau se they retain brain function. Terminally ill patients need anoption to prevent spending their final days, months, or years painfully deteriorating as theyapproach their inevitable deaths.Throughout the controversy, the public has focused on moral aspects of assisted suicideand overlooked the fact that one form has already been in practice for nine ye... ...situation of terminally ill patients over their personalconvictions and abolish the boundaries keeping them from having a peaceful end to their lives.Works Cited?2-to-1 Majorities Continue to Support Rights to Both Euthanasia and Doctor-Assisted Suicide.?The Harris Poll 9 January 2002Death with Dignity National Center. 2006. 27 March 2006 .Girsh, Faye. ?Patients Should Be Given More Control Over Their Deaths.? USA Today March2000.Levinson, Sanford. ?Assisted Suicide Should be Legalized.? The Nation 21 July 1997.Oregon Department of Human Services Report, 1994-1005. Oregon Department of HumanServices. 2006. 27 March 2006 ?Physici an Assisted Suicide Legislative Statute.? Oregon Department of Human Services. 2006.21 March 2006 .

Book Of Job: Suffering Essay -- essays research papers

Book of Job SufferingThe book of Job 13, in The New Oxford Annonated Bible, states "Job was thegreatest man among all in the East." He was a faithful servant of God, he ownedthousands of animals, and had many servants and friends. Job had a very largefamily with heptad sons and three daughters. Why was Job chosen to suffer andreceive punishment at the hands of the Lord one may ask? The major themes inthe book describe the ways Job deals with suffering and despair the Lord handedhim. How one deals with despair and suffering is what makes a person who he orshe is.     The Lord is not a stranger to suffering. Psalms 6933-36, states TheLord hears the needy and does not despise his captive people. Let heaven andearth appraise him. The seas and all that move in them. For God will save Zionand rebuild the cities of Judah. Then people will settle there and possess itthe children of his servants will inherit it and those who love his name willdwell there. God do es not intentionally inflict despair and heartache on hisbelievers for no reason at all. I think the despair we experience, and how wedeal with it, is a test to show our true selves.     The Lord does not make us suffer because of what we have done. Throughsuffering, we pay off better people and grow as an individual. You find youridentity through terrible experiences. I have dealt with serious heartache anddo believe that I have grown from it...

Book Of Job: Suffering Essay -- essays research papers

Book of Job SufferingThe book of Job 13, in The New Oxford Annonated Bible, states "Job was thegreatest man among all in the East." He was a faithful servant of God, he ownedthousands of animals, and had many servants and friends. Job had a very largefamily with seven sons and three daughters. Why was Job chosen to own andreceive punishment at the hands of the Lord one may ask? The major themes inthe book describe the ways Job deals with suffering and despair the Lord handedhim. How one deals with despair and suffering is what makes a person who he orshe is.     The Lord is not a stranger to suffering. Psalms 6933-36, states TheLord hears the needy and does not despise his captive people. permit heaven andearth praise him. The seas and all that move in them. For God will save Zionand rebuild the cities of Judah. Then people will settle in that location and possess itthe children of his servants will inherit it and those who love his name willdwell the re. God does not intentionally inflict despair and grief on hisbelievers for no reason at all. I think the despair we experience, and how wedeal with it, is a test to show our true selves.     The Lord does not make us suffer because of what we have done. Throughsuffering, we become better people and grow as an individual. You find youridentity through terrible experiences. I have dealt with serious heartache anddo believe that I have grown from it...

Lakshminarayan case (partnership act) Essay

Case NoteDirect revenueation assessment of income Section 4 of Partnership Act plaintiff in error a registered federation entered into an contract with Mill companionship appointing its element for thirty age amount received by appellant from Mill political party were assessed to a lower place income tax appellant contended remuneration received from the mill ab out(p) partnership was not taxable as it was not profit or gains from tune following straits referred to laid-back court of law whether chthonic the terms of the agreement the petitioner is an employee of the Mills c everyer oris pick outing on occupation whether the remuneration received from the Mills is on account of service or is the remuneration for personal line of credit matter decided against appellant appellant moved to the Supreme Court Court observed the objects of the appellants in this character reference swallow up alia were to act as agents for Government appellants were therefore justifiedly assessed for excess profits tax. JUDGMENTBhagwati, J.1. These argon two appeals from the judgment and decision of the High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad answering certain incredulitys referred at the instance of the appellants by the Commissioner of unembellished Profits Tax, Hyderabad, and adjudging the liability of the appellants for excess profits tax in regard to the amounts received by them as remuneration from the Dewan Bahadur Ramgopal Mills troupe Ltd. as its Agents.2. The Mills fellowship was registered on the 14th February, 1920, at Hyderabad in the so territories of His Exalted Highness the Nizam. The appellants were registered as a private limited company at Bombay on the 1st March, 1920. On the 20th April, 1920, an say-so agreement was entered into amidst the Mills connection and the appellants appointing the appellants its Agents for a period of 30 years on certain terms and conditions therein recorded.The appellants throughout worked moreover as the Agents of the Mills caller and for the Fasli years 1351 and 1352 they received their remuneration under(a) the terms of the Agency agreement. A notice was issued under section 13 of the Hyderabad Excess Profits Tax enactment by the Excess Profits Tax Officer calling upon the appellants to pay the amount of tax appertaining to these chargeable accounting periods. The appellants submitted their accounts and contended that the remuneration received by them from the Mills Company was not taxable on the ground that it is was not income, profits or gains from business and was outside the pale of the Excess Profits Tax Regulation.This bitterness of the appellants was negatived and on the 24th April, 1944, the Excess Profits Tax Officer made an order assessing the income of the appellants for the accounting periods 1351 and 1352 Fasli at Rs. 8,957 and Rs. 83,768 respectively and assessed the tax accordingly. An appeal was taken by the appellants to the Deputy Commissioner of Exce ss Profits Tax who disallowed the same. An application made by the appellants under section48(2) for statement of the case to the High Court was rejected by the Commissioner and the appellants filed a petition to the High Court under section 48(3) to compel the Commissioner to state the case to the High Court.An order was made by the High Court on this petition contributeing the Commissioner to state the case and the statement of the case was submitted by the Commissioner on the 26th February, 1946. Four questions were referred by the Commissioner to the High Courts as under - (1) Whether the Petitioner Company is a federation tight or a registered firm ? (2) Whether under the terms of the agreement the petitioner is an employee of the Mills Company or is carrying on business ?(3) Whether the remuneration received from the Mills is on account of service or is the remuneration for business ? (4) Whether the principle of own(prenominal) qualification referred to in section 2, clau se (4), of the Excess Profits Regulation is applicable to the Petitioner Company ?3. These questions were of considerable importance and were referred for decision to the blanket(a) Bench of the High Court. The Full Bench of the High Court delivered their judgment the majority deciding the questions (2) and (3) which were the only questions considered determinative of the reference against the appellants. The appellants appealed to the Judicial Committee. But onward the Judicial Committee hear the appeals there was a merger of the territories of Hyderabad with India. The appeals finally came for hearing before the Supreme Court Bench at Hyderabad on the 12th December, 1950, when an order was passed transferring the appeals to this Court at Delhi.These appeals have now come for hearing and final disposal before us. 4. The questions (1) and (4) which were referred by the Commissioner to the High Court at Hyderabad have not been seriously press before us. Whether the appellants are a partnership firm or a registered company the principle of exclusion of the income from the category of business income by reason of its depending in all or mainly on the personal qualifications of the assessee would not apply because the income could not be said to be income from traffic and neither a partnership firm not a registered company as much(prenominal) could be said to be possessed of any personal qualification in the matter of the acquisition of that income.5. The principal questions which were therefore argued before the High Court at Hyderabad and before us were the questions (2) and (3) which involved the determination of the get of the appellants whether they were servantsvor agents of the Mills Company and the determination of the character of their remuneration whether it was engage or salary or income, profits or gains from business.6. The appellants were registered as a private limited company having their registered office in Bombay and the objects for w hich they were merged were the following (1) To act as agents for Governments or Authorities or for any bankers, manufactures, merchants, shippers, Joint Stock Companies and others and carry on all kinds of agency business. (2) To carry on in India and elsewhere the trade or business of merchants, importers exporters in all their branches etc. etc. 7. Under hold 115 of the Articles of Association of the Mills Company the appellants and their dispenses were appointed the agents of the Company upon the terms, provisions and conditions set out in the cartel referred to in clause 6 of the Companys Memorandum of Association.Article 116 provided that the world-wide counsel of the business of the Company subject to the control and watch of the Directors, was to be in the hands of the Agents of the Company, who were to have the force play and authority on behalf of the Company, subject to much(prenominal) control and supervision, to enter into all contracts and to do all other thi ngs usual, necessary and desirable in the management of the affairs of the Company or in carrying out its objects and were to have power to appoint and employ in or for the aims of the transaction and management of the affairs and business of the Company, or otherwise for the purposes thereof, and from time to time to leave out or suspend such managers, agents, clerks and other employees as they though proper with such powers and duties and upon such terms as to duration of employment, remuneration or otherwise as they thought fit and were also to have powers to exercise all rights and liberties reserved and granted to them by the said agreement referred to in clause 6 of the Companys Memorandum of Association including the rights and liberties contained in clause 4 of the agreement.Article 118 go pastd the agents to sub-delegate all or any of the powers, authorities and discretions for the time creation vested in them, and in particular from time to time to provide by the app ointment of an attorney or attorneys, for the management and transaction of the affairs of the Company in any specified locality, in such manner as they thought fit.8. The Agency agreement which was executed in pursuance of the appointment under Article 115 provided that the appellants and theirassign were to be the Agents of the Company for a period of 30 years from the date of registration of the Company and they were to continue to act as such agents until they of their own will resigned. The remuneration of the appellants as such Agents was to be a explosive charge of 2 1/2 per cent. on the amount of exchange issue of all yarn framework and other produce of the Company (including cotton grown) which commission was to be exclusive of any remuneration or wages account payable to the bankers, solicitors, engineers, etc., who may be employed by the appellants for or on behalf of the Company or for carrying on and conducting the business of the Company.The appellants were to be pa id in addition all expenses and charges actually incurred by them in connection with the business of the Company and supervision and management thereof and the appellants were entitled to appoint any person or persons in Bombay to act as their Agents in Bombay and any other places in connection with the business of the Company. 9. Clause 3 and 4 of the agency agreement are crucial and may be set out in extenso -3. Subject to the control and supervision of the Directors, the said Lachminarayan Ramgopal and Son Limited shall have the cosmopolitan conduct and management of the business and affairs of the company and shall have on behalf of the company to acquire by purchase lease or otherwise lands tenements and other buildings and to erect keep open alter and extend factories, ware-houses, engine house and other buildings inHyderabad and elsewhere in the territories of His Exalted Highness the Nizam and in India and to purchase, pay for, sell, resell and repurchase machinery, engin es, plant, in the raw cotton, waste, jute, wool and other fibres and produce, stores and other materials and to manufacture yarn cloth and other fabrics and to sell the same either in the said territories as well as elsewhere in India and either on credit or for cash, or for present or future delivery, and to execute become parties to and where necessary to cause to be registered all deeds, agreements, contracts, receipts and other documents and to insure the property of the Company for such purposes and to such extent and in such manner as they may count on proper and to institute, conduct, defend, compromise, refer to arbitration and abandon legal and other proceedings, claims and disputes in which theCompany is concerned and to appoint and employ discharge, re-employ or replace engineers, managers, retain commission crapperers, muccadums, brokers, clerks, mechanics, workmen and other officers and servants with such powersand duties and upon such terms as to duration of office remuneration or otherwise as they may think fit and to draw, bury endorse, negotiate and sell Bills of Exchange and Hundies with or without security and to receive and give receipts for all moneys payable to or to be received by the company and to draw cheques against the moneys of the company and generally to cast all such arrangements and do all such acts and things on behalf of the Company, its successors and assigns as may be necessary or expedient and as are not specially reserved to be done by the Directors.4. The said Lachminarayan Ramgopal & Son Ltd., shall be at liberty to deal with the Company by way of sale of the Company of cotton all raw materials and articles required for the purpose of the Company and the purchase from the Company of yarn cloth and all other articles manufactured by the Company and otherwise, and to deal with any firm in which any of the shareholders of the said Lachminarayan Ramgopal & Son Ltd., may be instantaneously or in checkly concerned provi ded always such dealings are sanctioned passed or ratified by the Board of Directors either before or after such dealings.Clause 8 provided that two of the members for the time being of the appellants were at the option of the appellants to be the ex-officio Directors of the Company and clause 9 empowered the appellants to assign the agreement and the rights of the appellants thereunder subject to the approval and sanction of the Board to any person, firm or Company having authority by its constitution to become form by the obligations undertaken by the appellants. 10. No materials other than these were placed by the appellants either before the Income-tax Authorities or the High Court and the question that arise before us have to be determined only on these materials.If on the construction of these documents we arrive at the conclusions that the position of the appellants was not that of servants and the agents of the Company the moreover question would have to be determined whe ther the activities of the appellants amounted to the carrying on of business. If they were not the servants of the Company, the remuneration which they received would certainly not be wages or salary moreover if they were agents of the Company the question would still survive whether their activities amounted to the carrying on of business in which case only the remuneration which they received from the Company would be income, profits or gains from business.11. The distinction between a servant and an agent is thusindicated in Powells Law of Agency, at page 16 - (a) Generally a suppress can tell his servant what to do and how to do it. (b) Generally a principal cannot tell his agent how to carry out his instructions. (c) A servant is under more complete control than an agent,and also at page 20 -(a) Generally, a servant is a person who not only receives instructions from his senior pilot but is subject to his masters right to control the manner in which he carries out those ins tructions. An agent receives his principals instructions but is generally free to carry out those instructions according to his own discretion, (b) Generally, a servant, qua servant, has no authority to make contracts on behalf of his master. Generally, the purpose of employing an agent is to authorise him to make contracts on behalf of his principal. (c) Generally, an agent is paid by commission upon effecting the result which he has been instructed by his principal to achieve. Generally, a servant is paid by wages or salary.12. The statement of the law contained in Halsburys Laws of England Hailsham Edition Volume 22, page 113, paragraph 192 may be referred to in this connection - The difference between the relations of master and servant and of principal and agent may be said to be this a principal has the right to direct what work the agent agent has to do but a master has the further right to direct how the work is to be done. 13. The position is further clarified in Halsbu rys Laws of England Hailsham Edition Volume 1, at page 193, article 345 where the positions of an agent, a servant and independent contractor are thus noble - An agent is to be distinguished on the one hand from a servant, and on the other from an independent contractor.A servant acts under the direct control and supervision of his master, and is bound to line up to all reasonable orders given him in the course of his work an independent contractor, on the other hand, is entirely independent of any control or baulk and merely undertakes to produce a specified result, employing his own means to produce that result. An agent, though bound to exercise his authority in accordance with all lawful instructions which may be given to him from time to time by his principal, is not subject in its exercise to the direct control or supervision of the principal. An agent, as such is not a servant, but a servant is generally for some purposes hismasters implied agent, the extent of the age ncy depending upon the duties or position of the servant.14. Considering the position of the appellants in the light of the above principles it is no doubt true that the appellants were to act as the agents of the Company and carry on the general management of the business of the Company subject to the control and supervision of the Directors. That does not however mean that they acted under the direct control and supervision of the Directors in regard to the manner or method of their work. The Directors were entitled to lay down the general policy and also to give such directions in regard to the management as may be considered necessary.But the day to day management of the business of the Company as detailed in Article 116 of the Articles of Association and clause 3 of the Agency Agreement above set out was within the discretion of the appellants and apart from directing what work the appellants had to do as the agents of the Company the Directors had not conferred upon them the f urther right to direct how that work of the general management was to be done. The control and supervision of the directors was a general control and supervision and within the limits of their authority the appellants as the agents of the Company had undefiled discretion as to how that work of general management was to be done both in regard to the method and the manner of such work.The appellants for instance had perfect latitude to enter into agreements and contracts for such purpose and to such extent and in such manner as they thought proper. They had the power to appoint, employ, discharge, re-employ or replace the officers and servants of the Company with such powers and duties and upon such terms as to duration of office remuneration or otherwise as they thought fit. They had also the power generally to make all such arrangements and to do all such things and acts on behalf of the Company, as might be necessary or expedient and as were not specifically reserved to be done b y the Directors.These powers did not spell a direct control and supervision of the Directors as of a master over his servant but created the appellants the agents of the Company who were to exercise their authority subject to the control and supervision of the Directors but were not subject in such exercise to the direct control or supervision of the principals.The liberty given to the appellants under clause 4 of the Agency Agreement to deal with the Company by way of sale and purchase of commodities therein mentioned also did not spell a relation asbetween master and servant but empowered the appellants to deal with the Company as Principals in spite of the fact that under clause 8 of the Agreement two of their members for the time being were to be the ex-officio Directors of the Company. The power to assign the agreement and the rights of the appellants thereunder reserved to them under clause 9 of the Agency Agreement though subject to the approval and sanction of the Board was hardly a power which could be vested in a servant.There was further the right to continue in employment as the agents of the Company for a period of 30 years from the date of the registration thereof and thereafter until the appellants of their own will resigned, which also would be hardly restent with the employment of the appellants as mere servants of the Company. The remuneration by way of commission of 2 1/2 per cent. of the amount of sale proceeds of the produce of the Company savoured more of the remuneration given by a principal to his agent in the carrying out of the general management of the business of the principals than of wages or salary which would not normally be on such a basis.All these circumstances together with the power of sub-delegation reserved under Article 118 in our opinion go to establish that the appellants were the agents of the Company and not merely the servants of the Company remunerated by wages or salary. 15. Even though the position of the appel lants qua the Company was that of agents and not servants as stated above it remains to be determined whether the work which they did under the Agency Agreement amounted to carrying on business so as to constitute the remuneration which they received thereunder income, profits or gains from business.The contention which was urged before us that the appellants only worked as the agents of the Mills Company and no others and therefore what they did did not constitute a business does not assist the appellants. The activities in order to constitute a business need not necessarily be concerned with several individuals or concerns. They would constitute business in spite of their being restricted to only one individual or concern. What is relevant to consider is what is the character and scope of these activities though either by receive or design these might be restricted to only one individual or concern. It is the nature and scope of these activities and not the extent of the operati ons which are relevant for this purpose. 16.The activities of the appellants certainly did not come within the inclusive definition of business which is given in section 2clause 4 of the Excess Profits Tax Regulation, Hyderabad. Business is there defined to include any trade, commerce or manufacture or any casualty in the nature of a trade, commerce or manufacture or any profession or vocation but not to include a profession carried on by an individual or by individuals in partnership if the profits of the profession depend wholly or mainly on his or their personal qualifications unless such profession consists wholly or mainly in the making of contracts on behalf of other persons or giving to other persons of advice of commercial nature in connection with the making of contracts.The work which the appellants did under the terms of the Agency Agreement constituted neither trade, commerce or manufacture or any adventure in the nature of trade, commerce or manufacture nor was it a pr ofession or vocation. 17. The activities which constitute carrying on business need not necessarily consist of activities by way of trade, commerce or manufacture or activities in the exercise of a profession or vocation. They may even consist of interpreting services to other which services may be of a variegated character.The consideration which apply in the case of individuals in the matter of determining whether the activities constitute a business within the meaning of the inclusive definition thereof set out above may not apply in the case of incorporated companies. Even though the activities if carried on by individuals might constitute business in that sense they might not constitute such business when carried on by incorporated companies and resort must be had to the general position in law in order to determine whether the incorporated company was carrying on business so as to constitute the income earned by it income, profits or gains from business.Reference may be made in this context to William Esplen, Son and Swainston, Limited v. Commissioners of Inland Revenue 1919 2 K.B. 731. In that case a private limited company was incorporated for carrying on business as maritime architects and consulting engineers. Before the formation of the company, a partnership had existed for many years between three persons who, on incorporation, became the sole shareholders and directors of the company. The partnership had carried on the profession of naval architects and consulting engineers and the work done by the company was identical in character with that formerly done by the partnership which is succeeded.The work done by the company was identical in all respects with the work of a professional naval architectand consulting engineer, and was per organize by the said three shareholders and directors of the company personally. A question arose whether the company was carrying on a profession within the meaning of section 39 paragraphs C of the Finance (No. 2) Act, 1915. It was contended that it carried on a profession of naval architects and consulting engineers because the members piece of music it were three naval architects.That contention was however negatived and it was held that even though what was to be looked at was the character of the work done by the company, it was not carrying on the profession of the naval architects within the meaning of the section, because for that purpose it was of the essence of a profession that the profits should be dependent mainly upon the personal qualifications of the person by whom it was carried on and that could only be an individual.A company such as that could only do a naval architects work by send a naval architect to its customers to do what they wanted to be done and it was held that the company was not carrying on a profession but was carrying on a trade or business in the ordinary sense of the term.18. When a partnership firm comes into world it can be predicated of it that it ca rries on a business, because partnership according to section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act is the relation between persons who have agree to share the profits of a business carried only by all or any of them acting for all. (See Inderchand Hari Ram v. Commissioner of Income-tax U.P. & C.P. 1952 I.T.R. 108)But when a company is incorporated it may not necessarily come into existence for the purpose of carrying on a business.According to section 5 of the Indian Companies Act any seven or more persons (or, where the company to be formed will be a private company, any two or more persons) associated for any lawful purpose may by subscribing their names to a memorandum of association . form an incorporated company, and the lawful purpose for which the persons become associated might not necessarily be the carrying on of business. When a company is incorporated for carrying out certain activities it would be relevant to enquire what are the objects for which it has been incorporated.As was observed by Lord Sterndale. M.R., in Commissioners of Inland Revenue v. The Korean kinfolk Limited (1921) 12 Tax Cas. 181 If you once get the individual and the company spending exactly on the same basis, then there would be no difference between them at all. But the fact that the limitedcompany comes into existence in a different way is a matter to be considered.An individual comes into existence for many purposes, or perhaps sometimes for none, whereas a limited company comes into existence for some particular purpose, and if it comes into existence for the particular purpose of carrying out a transaction by getting possession of concessions and turning them to account, then that is a matter to be considered when you come to decide whether doing that is carrying on a business or not. 19. Justice Rowlatt followed the above view of Lord Sterndale, M.R., in Commissioner of Inland Revenue v. Birmingham Theatre Royal Estate Co., Limited (1923) 12 Tax Cas. 580 , and held that whe n you are considering whether a certain form of enterprise is carrying on business or not, it is material to look and see whether it is a company that is doing it.The objects of an incorporated company as laid down in the Memorandum of Association are certainly not conclusive of the question whether the activities of the company amount to carrying on of business (See Indian Law Reports 55 Calcutta 1059 andMANU/WB/0002/1952 195119ITR571(Cal) ). But they are relevant for the purpose of determining the nature and scope of such activities. 20. The objects of the appellants in this case inter alia were to act as agents for Governments or Authorities or for any bankers, manufacturers, merchants, shippers, Joint Stock Companies and others and carry on all kinds of agency business.This object standing by itself would comprise within its ambit the activities of the appellants as the agents of the Company and constitute the work which they did by way of general management of the business of the company an agency business. The actors line carry on all kinds of agency business occurring at the end of the object as therein set out were capable of including within their general description the work which the appellants would do as agents for Governments or Authorities or for any bankers, manufacturers, merchants, shippers and others when they acted as agents of the Company which were manufacturers inter alia of cotton piece goods they would be carrying on agency business within the meaning of this object.Apart however from this there is the further fact that there was a continuity of operations which constituted the activities of the appellants in the general management of the Company a business. The whole work of management which the appellants did for the Company within the powers conferred upon them under Article 116 of theArticles of Association and clause 3 of the Agency Agreement consisted of numerous and continuous operations and comprised of various services which were rendered by the appellants as the agents of the Company.The appellants were also entitled though with the sanction or ratification by the Board of Directors either before or after the dealings to enter into dealings with the Company by way of sales and purchases of various commodities. There was zilch in the Agency Agreement to prevent the appellants from acting as the agents of other manufacturers, Joint Stock Companies etc., and the appellants could have as well acted as the agents of other concerns in addition the Company.All these factors taken into consideration along with the fixity of tenure, the nature of remuneration and the assignability of their rights, are sufficient to enable us to come to the conclusion that the activities of the appellants as the agents of the Company constituted a business and the remuneration which the appellants received from the Company under the terms of the Agency Agreement was income, profits or gain from business. 21. The appellants we re therefore rightly assessed for excess profits tax and these appeals must stand dismissed with costs. 22. Appeal dismissed. Manupatra Information Solutions Pvt. Ltd.

Changing Role of Hr Management Essay

The Changing Role of gracious Resources Management The ever-changing roles inwardly human resources management (HRM), in response to trends, are from a dynamic environment and the importance of HRM. Every changing organization has a need for a HRM to respond and implement replaces. The organizations driven by e-business and technology need to be ready to respond and adapt to the environmental changes and should focus on satisfying the confederacys customer needs. In this role, the HRM contributes proactively to the development of global strategic plans and objectives.This essay will explain the changing roles in human resources management to the trends of (a) globalization, (b) technology, (d) diversity, (e) e-business, and (f) ethics. Globalization The globalization of a business is the major challenge in human resources within the management of the business, new competitive aspects, and the cultural diversities are adding frequently (Gale Group, 1999). To reach the demands, th e HRM is developing new business procedures and practices to adopt the shifting patterns of business.The human resources must deal with numerous challenges like accommodateing proper coordination from the business activities in multiple locations around the globe. Human resources must prepare and have an understanding of the increase in global competition. The human resources departments are gaining awareness globally for the development of the human resources teams with activities dealing with the multicultural diversity. Technology The serveance of HRM relies largely on the technological aspects.With the introduction and use of glide pathd technologies, the abilities and performances of the human resources are in need of required output. Businesses are incorporating advance technologies for meeting the demand of the consumers. This development has the human resources beginning to train continuously on the newer technologies in an effort to create processes, which are more effect ive. HRM is requiring changes in its practices to appease the advance computerized technologies and information systems (Frantzreb, 1998).All work done manually by the department must change to a more technical form to keep open and control the processes and data for a business to be more effective and productive. The technological skills within the human resources require coordination with the advance technology-based processes. Diversity The multicultural practices in business are making the environment within a business more diversified. In business environment today, a human resources professional stimulate from multiple cultures and are working side-by-side in the same company meeting the same goals.For these professionals, it is paramount in maintaining a complete and thorough understanding of the morals, ethics, and determine of the multiple cultures. The human resources professionals are developing innovative ways of managing the knowledge to deal with the diversity of t he cultures. In addition, business environments that have diverse cultures are educating the HRM to perform the activities to the local consumer driven demands. Fast implementations in cultures are because of advancing technologies, which are causing the human resources to change its practices (Collins & Clark, 2003).E-Business In an effort to eliminate the work burden, businesses are transforming normal operations to the e-business technological form. Business in the electronic form is causing the HRM to transform and develop newer procedures and practices. The human resources of companies have to maintain new skills and change the understanding from the brick and mortar style of business to the more advanced technological business environment, which is in a computerized form.To advance the performance levels, the HRM is starting to incorporate reproduction in information technology to the human resources professionals in an effort to maximize the adaptation to the rapid changes t o the practices for the e-business model (Mitchell, 2001). The human resources professional is requiring the computer and Internet-based business technologies to chase the accounting and marketing practices. Ethics In addition to being competitive, business professionals must maintain an even balance with the organizations ethics (Vickers, 2005).The HRM must create a business environment that is suitable with the companys ethics policies. The HRM must maintain the interests of the stakeholders to an equal level without any discrimination. The first priority must be to the consumers best interest. To accomplish and maintain a balance between maximizing profits and maintaining consumers satisfaction, the HRM must make the businesss practices in such a manner. Conclusion Human resources management must be a major section within the businesss environment, which must adapt its roles to accommodate the ever-changing trends of the global practices.The HRM roles must not change for only a single aspect, but simultaneously alters according to all the factors. The most important aspect is in globalization. Other aspects like technology, as with e-business, makes the need for the knowledge of professionals within the HRM to be more technologically advanced. The ethics and diversities in business demand the management to maintain the vision of its employees to an equal level.

Night World : Dark Angel Chapter 4

He went on driving. He didnt sluice pause. Were almost headquarters.They were nearing the turn ontoMeadowcroft Road . Gillian tried to grab for single of the brown hands onthe steering wheel, and then looked at her own hand, perplexed. Her fingers felt like blocks of wood.You have to comprise, she state, settling for volume. T presents a kid lost in those woods. Thats why I wentin I heard this sound like margin calling. It was coming from both(prenominal)where right near the creek. Weve got to go covering there. Come on, stopHey, hey, calm down, he said. You know what I bet you heard? A long-eared owl. They roost virtually here, and they use up this noise like a moan, oo-oo-oo.Gillian didnt estimate so. I was walking home from school. It wasnt dark enough for an owl to be bug out.Okay, a mourning dove. Goes oh-ah, whoo, whoo. Or a cat they behind sound like kids sometimes.Look, he added almost savagely, as she opened her mouth again, when we follow you home, we can callthe Houghton police, and they can check things out. provided I am not letting a lit-a girl freeze just becauseshes got more guts than smarts.For a moment, Gillian had an intense longing to let him continue to believe she had either guts or smarts. barely she said, Its not that. Its just- Ive already been done so much to try to find that kid. I almostdied-I think I did die. I mean- well, I didnt die, but I got pretty cold, and-and things happened, and Irealized how important life is She floundered to a shivering stop. What was she saying? Now hewas going to think she was a nut case. And anyhow all that stuff must have been a dream. She couldntmake it seem real while sitting in a Mustang with her head wrapped in a towel.But David flashed her a peek of shock recognition.You almost died? He looked back at the road, routine the car ontoHazel Street , where they bothlived. That happened to me once. When I was little, I had to have this operation-He broke off as the Mustang skidded on someice. In a moment he was in control again and turning into Gillians driveway.It happened to you, too?David parked and was out of the car in the lead Gillian could gather herself to speak.Then he was opening her accession, reaching for her.Gotta get all this ridiculous stuff out of the way, he said, pushing her fuzz back as if it were a curtain ofcobwebs. Something a twist the way he said it made Gillian think he care her hair.She peered up at him through a gap in the curtain. His eyes were dark brown and normally lookedalmost hawkish, but just now, as their gazes met, they changed. They looked startled and wondering. Asif he saw something in her eyes that surprised him and afflicted a chord.Gillian felt a flutter of wonder herself. I dont think hes very tough at all, she thought, as something like aspark seemed to flash between them. Hes not so different from me hes-She was wracked by a sudden bout of shivers.David blinked and shook his head. Weve got to get you in attitude, he muttered.And then, still shivering, she was in the air. Bobbing, world carried up the path to her stomach.You shouldnt be walking to school in the winter, David said. Ill drive you from now on.Gillian was struck speechless. On the one hand, she should probably signalise him she didnt walk every day.On the other hand, who was she kidding?Just the thought of him giving her a ride was enough to make her heart beat wildly.Between that and the novel feeling of being carried, it wasnt until he was opening the front door thatGillian remembered her mother.Then she panicked.Oh, God, I cant let David see her-but possibly itll be all right. If there was a smell of food cooking, that meant it was okay. If not, it was one of Moms bad days.There was no smell of food as David mensurationped into the dim hallway. And no sign of life-all the downstairslights were off. The house was cold and echoing and Gillian knew she had to get David out.But how? He was carrying her farther in, asking, Yo ur parents arent home?I guess not. Dad doesnt get home until seven most nights. It wasnt exactly a lie. Gillian just prayed hermom would stay contrive in the bedroom until David left.Ill be okay now, she said hastily, not even caring if she sounded rude or ungrateful. Anything to makehim go. I can take care of myself, and- and Im okay.The he eck you are, David said. It was the longest drawn out heck Gillian had ever heard.He doesnt penury to swear around me. Thats cute.You need to get thawed out, fast. Wheres a bathtub?Gillian automatically lifted a stiff arm to point down the stance hall, then dropped it. Now, wait a minute-He was already there. He put her on her feet, then disappeared into the john to turn on the water.Gillian cast an anguished glance upstairs. Just stay put, Mom. Stay asleep.Youve got to get in there and stay for at least twenty minutes, David said, reappearing. Then we cansee if you need to go to the hospital at Houghton.That made Gillian remember something . The police-Yeah, right, Ill call them. As briefly as youre in the tub. He reached out and plucked at her dripping,ice-crusted sweater. Can you get this off okay? Do your fingers work?Urn Her fingers didnt work they were still blocks of wood. Frost-nipped at least, she thought,peering at them. But there was no way he was going to pillage her, and there was also no way she wasgoing to call her mother. UrnUh, turn around, David said. He pulled at her sweater again. Okay, Ive got my eyes shut. Now-No, Gillian said, holding her elbows firmly against her sides.They stood, confused and indecisive, until they were deliver by an interruption, a vowelize from the mainhallway.What are you doing to her? the voice said.Gillian turned and looked around David. It was Tanya Jun, Davids girlfriend.Tanya was wearing a velveteen cap perched on her glossy dark hair and a Christmas sweater withmetallic threads woven in. She had almond-shaped gray eyes and a mouth with firm lips molded overwhite te eth. Gillian perpetually thought of her as a future corporate executive. I saw your car out there, the future executive said to David, and the front door of the house wasopen. She looked level-headed, suspicious, and a little bit as if she doubted Davids sanity. Davidlooked back and forth between her and Gillian and fumbled for an explanation.Theres nothing going on. I picked her up onHillcrest Road . She was-well, look at her. She drop off in thecreek and shes rigid.I see, Tanya said, still calmly. She gave Gillian a quick assessing glance, then turned back to David.She doesnt look too bad. You go to the kitchen and make some luscious chocolate. Or white-hot water withJell-O in it, something with sugar. Ill take care of her.And the police, Gillian called after Davids disappearing back. She didnt exactly want to look Tanya inthe face.Tanya was a of age(p) like David, in the class ahead of Gillian atRachelCarsonHigh School . Gillian fearedher, admired her, and hated her, in abo ut that order.Into the bathroom, Tanya said. Once Gillian was in, she helped her undress, stripping off the clinging,icy-wet clothes and dropping them in the sink. Everything she did was brisk and efficient, and Gilliancould almost see sparks fly from her fingers.Gillian was too miserable to protest at being stripped naked by somebody with the bedside manner of afemale prison guard or an extremely strict nanny. She huddled, feeling small and shivering in her bareskin, and then lunged for the tub as soon as Tanya was done.The water felt scalding. Gillian could feel her eyes get huge and she clenched her teeth on a yell. Itprobably felt so hot because she was so cold. Breathing through her nose, she forced herself to submergeto the shoulders. whole right, Tanya said on the other side of the coral-colored shower curtain. Ill go up and get you somedry clothes to put on.No Gillian said, shooting half out of the water. Not upstairs, not where her mom was, not where herroom was.But the bat hroom door was already shutting with a decisive dick. Tanya wasnt the kind of person yousaid no to.Gillian sat, immobilized by panic and horror, until a fountain of burning pain flock everything else out ofher mind.It started in her fingers and toes and shot upward, a white-hot searing that meant her frozen flesh wascoming back to life. All she could do wassit rigid, breathe raggedly through her nose, and try to endure it.And eventually, it did get better. Her white, wrinkled skin turned dark blue, and then mottled, and thenred. The searing subsided to a tingling. Gillian could move and think again.She could hear, too. There were voices outside the bathroom in the hallway. The door didnt even muffle them.Tanyas voice Here, Ill hold it. Ill take it to her in a minute. In a mutter Im not sure she can drinkand float at the equivalent time.Davids voice Come on, give her a break. Shes just a kid.Oh, really? Just how old do you think she is?Huh? I dont know. Maybe thirteen?An explosive snort from Tanya.Fourteen? Twelve?David, she goes to our school. Shes a next-to-last.Really? David sounded startled and bewildered. Nah, I think she goes to P.B.Pearl S. Buck was the junior high. Gillian sat staring at the bathtub faucet without seeing it.Shes in our biology class, Tanyas voice said, edging toward open impatience. She sits at the backand never opens her mouth. The voice added, I can see why you thought she was younger, though. Herbedrooms knee-deep in stuffed animals. And the wallpapers little flowers. And look at these pajamas.Little bears.Gillians insides felt hotter than her fingers hadbeen at their most painful. Tanya had seen her room, which was the same as it had been since Gillianwas ten years old, because there wasnt money for new curtains and wallpaper and there wasnt anymore storage space in the garage to put her beloved animals away. Tanya was making fun of herpajamas. In front of David.And David thought she was a little kid. That was why hed offered to drive her to school. Hedmeant the junior high. Hed been nice because he felt low for her.Two tears squeezed out of Gillians eyes. She was trembling inside, boiling with anger and hurt andhumiliationCrinch.It was a sound as loud as a spoil report, but high and crystalline-and drawn out. Something between acrash and a crunch and the sound of glass splintering under boots.Gillian jumped as if shed been shot, sat frozen a moment, then pulled the moisture-beaded showercurtain aside and poked her head out.At the same instant the bathroom door flew open.What was that? Tanya said sharply. Gillian shook her head. She wanted to say, You tell me, but she was too frightened of Tanya.Tanya looked around the bathroom, spied the steamed-up mirror, and frowned. She reached across thesink to wipe it with her hand-and yelped.Ow She cursed, staring at her hand. Gillian could see the brightness of blood.What the-? Tanya picked up a washcloth and swiped the mirror. She did it again. She stepped backan d stared.From the tub, Gillian was staring, too.The mirror was broken. Or, not broken, cracked. But it wasnt cracked as if something had hit it. Therewas no point of impact, with lines of shattering running out.Instead, it was cracked evenly from top to bottom, side to side. Every inch was covered with a lattice offine lines. It almost looked purposeful, as if it were a frosted-glass design.David Get in here Tanya said, ignoring Gillian. After a moment the door stirred and Gillian had asteamy distorted glimpse of Davids face in the mirror.Do you see this? How can something like this happen? Tanya was saying.David grimaced and shrugged. Heat? tatty? I dont know. He glanced hesitantly in Gillians direction,just long enough to locate her face surrounded by the coral shower curtain.You okay? he said, addressing himself to a white towel rack on the far wall.Gillian couldnt say anything. Her throat was too tight and tears were welling up again. But when Tanyalooked at her, she nodded.All right, forget it. Lets get you changed.Tanya turned away from the mirror. David melted back out of the bathroom.Make sure her fingers and everything are working all right, he said distantly.Im fine, Gillian said when she was alone with Tanya. Everythings fine. She wiggled her fingers, whichwere tender but functioning. All she cared about right now was getting Tanya to go away. I can dressmyself.Please dont let me cry in front of her.She retreated behind the shower curtain again and made a splashing noise. You guys can leave now.Half a take a breath from Tanya, who was undoubtedly thinking Gillian was ungrateful. All right, she said. Yourclothes and your chocolate are right here. Is there somebody you want me to call-?No My parents-my dad will be here any minute. Im fine. Then she shut her eyes and counted, breathheld. And, blessedly, there were the sounds of Tanya moving away. Both Tanya and David calling goodbyes.Then silence.Stiffly, Gillian pulled herself upright, almost fallin g down when she tried to step out of the bathtub.She put on her pajamas and walked slowly out of the bathroom, moving like an old woman. She didnteven glance at the broken mirror.She tried to be settle down going up the stairs. Butjust as she reached her bedroom, the door at the end of the upstairs hall swung open.Her mother was standing there, a long application wrapped around her, fuzzy fleece-lined slippers on her feet.Her hair, a darker blond than Gillians, was uncombed.Whats going on? I heard noise. Wheres your father?Not Whass goin on? Whersh your father? But dose.Its not even seven yet, Mom. I got wet coming home. Im going to bed. The bare minimum ofsentences to communicate the necessary information.Her mother frowned. Honey- Night, Mom.Gillian hurried into her bedroom before her mother could ask any more questions.She fell on her bed and gathered an armful of stuffed animals in the bend of her elbow. They were solidand friendly and filled her arm. Gillian curled herself ar ound them and bit down on plush.And now, at last, she could cry. All the hurts of her mind and body merged and she sobbed out loud,wet cheek on the velveteen head of her best bear.She wished shed never come back. She wanted the bright meadow with the impossibly green grass,even if it had been a dream. She wanted everyone to be sorry because she was dead.All her realizations about life being importantwere nonsense. Life was a giant hoax. She couldnt change herself and live in a completely newdirection. There was no new start. No hope.And I dont care, she thought. I just want to die. Oh, why did I get made if it was just for this? Theresgot to be someplace I belong, something Im meant to do thats different. Because I dont fit in this world,in this life. And if there isnt something more, Id rather be dead. I want to dream something else.She cried until she was numb and exhausted and fell into a deadly still sleep without crafty it.When she woke up hours later, there was a strange ligh t in her room.

Is it ethical to feed live food to reptiles

Is it ethical to feed rifle nutrition to exotic pets? Abstract Live fodder items be ofttimes federal official to exotic pet species whether they be birds, amphibians, reptiles or mammals. This raises issues of welfare, twain(prenominal) of the living organisms fed personify flow Items and the forgo Itself. Concerns over break food welfare are in wear outicular marked In the alimentation of vertebrate flow Items and evidence presented present shows the prolonged time taken for rodents to die, this fuelling these concerns.And yet the welfare of all exotic pets relies both on providing optimal nutrition and ensuring, as much(prenominal)(prenominal) as possible, that their natural manners can be expressed. Does that mean that predatory species essential be fed live prey? This paper discusses this problem and seeks potential solutions. Introduction Many of the exotic species that are kept as pets (companion animals) or for study, or which form part of a menagerie or resc ue centre, are wholly or partly carnivorous and therefore require food of animal origin.Many omnivores also feed In part on live or dead animals and some essentially herbivorous/carnivorous species, such as finches (Freeloading), require invertebrate food when they are nestlings. In this paper emphasis is on the provision of still living food, but brief mention will be made of dead animals. The give-and-take relates mainly to live food given to wrapped exotic animals but it must be remembered that free-living Individuals also kill and eat live prey. The utilise of live food Food comprising live animals or their derivatives is widely considered to serve two main purposes.First, from a nutritive perspective, It contains important, sometimes essential, amino acids, vitamins and other nutrients secondly, from a behavioral viewpoint It provides captive animals with stimulation, especially when It Is resented to them in an imaginative way, providing a very important form of environmen tal enrichment. The subject of live-feeding of animals in zoos and private collections has go away a specialist topic, with numerous papers in the literature closely how best such diets should be chosen and presented. These include precautions to minimize damage to the prey species by attacks from the animals provided as live food. O be well-substantiated as noted above, it provides behavioral enrichment and represents a natural or near-natural method of providing essential nutrition . in that location s, however, another important consideration, which is sometimes forgotten or ignored. This is the question of the well world of the live food that is being offered. After all, the food consists of living animals which, regardless of their taxonomic status, may be subjected to and affected by stresses, including pain during the period onward and during being eaten. There are several stages at which the prey species may be subjected to stresses.The first of these is during producti on or collection. Live food is either bred in captivity or collected in the wild and in many cases such breeding or collection may involve stress for the animals involved. When offered as food, prior to being devoured the live food prey item is often in what for it is an unusual, an alien environment. It may, for example, be exposed to abnormally high temperatures or bright lights, rendering the individual, by definition, vulnerable to attack/apprehension by the animal to which it is being fed.The key welfare issue for many animals provided as live food will be when they are being devoured. Some live food is killed to the highest degree now by the predator, using physical or chemical means from trauma to veneration, both of these potentially rendering the prey immobile while losing consciousness. In such circumstances there may be little in risk of poor welfare. But often death takes much longer for instance, a rodent constricted and thus killed by suffocation by a snake, or a coc kroach dismembered while it is still alive.Some prey items may be swallowed whole and are therefore still alive and presumably conscious for some time until they die of asphyxia or the effect of the predators gastric Juices If not immediately devoured uneaten prey may be taken and consumed abstinently, perhaps on another day, but in the meantime it has to survive in an alien environment, often without water, food or appropriate shelter. Sometimes the prey item is never eaten, either beca wasting disease the predator is no longer hungry or because the prey escapes.As a result, it may die as a result of starvation, dehydration, hyperthermia or hypothermia in the predators cage. It may, alternatively, establish itself in that cage or escape into the home/zoo environment. Here crickets (Grilled) are the best example. The debate Vertebrate food Some decades ago concern began to be voiced by some individuals and certain institutions about the practice of feeding live vertebrates to capt ive mammals, birds and reptiles. The methods employed began to be subjected to greater scrutiny and criticism as a greater understanding of, and sensitivity to, issues of animal welfare evolved.Society of London) introduced a ban on the feeding of living vertebrate food to its captive reptiles and instead to train the latter to take freshly-killed prey or items (for example, a freshly dead rabbit) that could be moved to simulate life or placed in an unusual environment, such as a get the picture tube, to interest the hungry predator. In Britain, at any rate, many other zoos and herpetologists followed suit and by the late asses the use of dead, not living, prey was considered to be dear practice.During the decade of the asses claims were regularly made by animal welfare groups that live-feeding was illegal in the I-J but these assertions were countered in lectures and articles (1). The point was made that there was no specific legal ban on live- feeding but that such a practice mi ght lead to a prosecution under the protective covering of Animals Acts (2). Herpetologists who still wanted to feed live food to their charges ere encouraged to take steps to minimize suffering in various ways for example, by not leaving live food in the various for long periods of time and by providing shelter and water for it.Those recommendations in Britain were in a large part a modification and refinement of the approach taken by the senior author nearly a decade beforehand, when, in an attempt to encourage a more humane approach to live-feeding of snakes in East Africa, a document was drawn up by the Kenya Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (KAPPA). This is reproduced as vermiform appendix A. Force-feeding of non-living food is also a possibility, positionly utilize for difficult species such as Royal pythons (Python argues) but this can be stressful.Another argument used on both sides of the Atlantic, to dissuade reptile-keepers from feeding live vertebrat e food was that the latter could easily attack and damage the predator species. Thus, for instance, live rodents put in Bavaria as food can cause severe skin lesions in snakes (3, 4, 5). Having said that, a casual glance through online video clips, as detailed further below, shows that live vertebrate prey are still fed to pitiless by a number of keepers. Invertebrate food Questioning the feeding of live invertebrates to captive animals is less common even today .In the asses an animal rights group based in Scotland lobbied for more awareness of the welfare needs of invertebrate animals and included in their concerns the use of crickets, maelstroms and other species as food items for captive mammals, birds and reptiles. In the past two decades interest amongst veterinarians and others in the health and welfare of invertebrates has grown (6, 7). In its wake, preaching and studies on whether or not invertebrates suffer pain have become reverent (7), including some limited analysis an d discussions of the ethical considerations of using these animals as live prey.A problem, of course, is that the term invertebrate is very broad, covering around 30 distinct phyla, and the ability of such animals to react to a noxious stimulus varies greatly between, say, a coelenterate that has no generalized nervous system and a cephalic with a well-developed nervous system and pain reactions (7). The main groups of invertebrate that are used as food for other animals are arthropods, phyla produce endorphins and may, therefore, be able not only to respond to pain by appropriate escape behavior but be aware of it.Research on the nematode Conservationist elegant, for instance, has shown that activation, an invertebrate homologue of morphogenesis, together with improprieties, modulates aversive activity that mimics behaviors associated with chronic pain in vertebrates (9). While such primitive species can exhibit inception, it would be questioned by many as to whether they feel pain , defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with existent or potential tissue damage (italics added) (10).Even a single- led amoeba moves away from a noxious stimulus, but cannot be said to have an emotional response so where on the evolutionary ladder does such a response occur? Certainly there are behavioral indicators of pain in several crustacean species (11) and some mollusks (12). In some situations such as the use of live insects in biomedical research, the approach advocated by certain authors has been to give them (invertebrates) the benefit of the dubiousness and therefore (for example) to employ an anesthetic agent when a procedure to be performed that might cause pain (13).Such a precautionary Renville has not apparently, however, been applied to the use of these same species as live food for mammals, birds or reptiles and probably would not be realistic. We are, aft(prenominal) all, here in a situation where the benefits of one species, the predator, must be weighed against those of the prey species. Such is the very essence of nature. Hopefully, wherever possible, in a captive environment the welfare needs of both predator and prey can be considered and predator species trained to accept dead prey rather than live. A preliminary study of welfare of live prey speciesPerhaps a start on such a Journey is to ask for evidence regarding the welfare of prey species when being fed to a predator species. For that reason, we present here a preliminary study using online You Tube videos of various captive reptiles as the predator and mice, rats and crickets as live prey items. Clearly this cannot be a controlled study, but the videos were sampled by accessing the first ten adequate clips defined by reptile have live mouse, reptile eats live rat, and reptile eats live locust and recording the time taken from apprehension of the prey item to death as determined by the time of last movement of prey item.It could be argued tha t the prey species may not lose consciousness until after that period and, in some cases, vivification by the prey item may occur after the last obvious movement, but in those documented in Table 1 this was not the case. The time to death as estimated by cessation of any movement was 6229 seconds for mice, 5421 seconds for rats and 1817 seconds for locusts, with ranges from 38 to 120 seconds for the mice, 24-82 seconds for the rats and 5-62 seconds for the locusts .These figures are clearly influenced by the size of it of both prey and of predator. Euthanasia of laboratory rodents by carbon dioxide may take 2-3 minutes (14) while cervical dislocation successfully killed animals apparently instantaneously in 79% of animals in one study (15). In another study electroencephalographic activity during the 30 seconds immediately (at 5 to 10 s), 10-15 seconds after exposure to 100% CO, 15-20 seconds after decapitation and at 20-25 seconds with cardiac arrest caused by KC injection but not after administration of 70% CO (15).A painful and guardianship-provoking death taking p to 2 minutes as seen in many live food subjects would not, we argue, be acceptable in any circumstances. Interestingly, few if any rodents seemed aware that a predator shared the various with them, many mice actively investigating the snake until the moment of attack. Other rodents in the enclosure did not appear to show behavioral evidence of fear even when other rodents in the same various were attacked, constricted and killed.On the other hand, the fear and pain indicated by rapid movements and vacillations of the prey item, was clear in many of the cases as noted in Table 1 . These author found it worrying to watch the video clips in many cases and we would argue that the suffering of prey species in many of these video clips and in many is contrary to the requirements of the Animal upbeat Act (2006) in the United Kingdom, as discussed further below. Discussion There can be no hard-and-fa st rules about the feeding of live food to captive animals.However we advocate that, if it is not necessary to sustain the life of the prey species in order to stimulate the predator to pretend and swallow, live-feeding should not take place.. When such a feeding practice is necessary and is not De facto in intervention of commandment it should be carried out with care and sensitivity and follow a decree of practice. As noted at the beginning of this paper, there are two elements to live-feeding the predator and the prey and these both warrant a humane approach.Although reptiles have attracted particular attention in the debate about live-feeding, other carnivorous tax have also come under some scrutiny, especially in Europe. The feeding of large felid such as lions, tigers and cheetahs with live vertebrates, such as rodents or alligators, has long ceased to be accepted practice in zoos in exist of Europe. The use of living animals, such as mice or quail, to encourage falcone rs birds and wildlife casualties to perfect their hunting skills has, likewise, been officially phased-out.Some of the practices alluded to above have stopped because of public attitudes but legislation has also, indirectly, had a result. Thus, for example, the I-J Animal Welfare Act 2006, while not specifically outlawing the feeding of live food to carnivorous species, puts an onus of responsibility on keepers on a duty of care to all animals in their possession and thus an obligation to ensure as far as possible that ere species are killed before being offered as food.

1984 and Oryx and Crake Essay

Some people say that religion key in building a permanent mostbody and society. Discuss the role religion has in the books 1984 and Oryx and Crake.Religion has been the main way in which societies have been formed for thousands of years. Laws, morals and society are meanly modelled on it. In both 1984 and Oryx and Crake, the future (or in the case of 1984, the future of the ult) is represented as dystopias a society based on execration which destroys the human spirit or a society which eventually led to the destruction of itself, leaving only the main character and a small separate of new beings.In 1984, Winston Smith is the main character who rebels against society. He believes that human spirit will prevail, shown when he says to OBrienI know you will fail. in that location is something in the universe I dont know, some spirit, some principle that you will never overcome The spirit of ManThis is a precise religious idea that good will always prevail over evil and that the soul lives on after the body has died. Coincidentally, this is in some intercourse to one of the parties beliefs which human people die but the body goes on forever. The dictatorship style of the Big Brother society is somewhat like that of a religious sect, or perhaps cult, where beliefs are non, using the process of doublethink, and all members must have absolute love for Big Brother. This is another trait that Winston does not have as other party members doTell me, what are your true feelings towards Bog Brother?I hate him.You hate him. Good. Then the quantify has come for you to take the last step. You must love Big Brother. It is not enough to obey him, you must love him.Here Big Brother is a God-like figure. No-one knows if he actually exists, but when asked, the answer is just he exists.In Oryx and Crake, religion is a large part of the Crakers lives. Although Snowman told them stories of their creation which he make up, they still believe them, and even start rituals o f their own, such as talking to Oryx. Crake believed he had gotten rid of religion, describing the belief in God as a crew of neurons. However, the human race had been destroyed, and the Crakers lived in harmony believing in the stories Snowman told them.In 1984, the hero of the story is Winston, because he rebels against the oppression of the party. In some ways he could be described a religious- subject figure rebelling against society to protect what he believed in. He feels that life is meant to be more than what he experiences. Snowman is also given this frame of title he is the prophet of Oryx and Crake and the Crakers look up to him to tell them about their Gods. At some times he is seen as a biblical figure, such as the first man, with Crake being the person who created the Crakers and Snowman (not Jimmy). Both Winston and Snowman are not very good as role models though, as although Winston is rebelling against what he thinks is wrong, he is only with Julia because she is corrupt, and he gets pleasure from herAnything that hinted at corruption always filled him with a wild hope. Who knew, perhaps the Party was rotten under the surface, its cult of strenuousness and self-denial exactly a sham concealing iniquity.Winston holds onto this in the hope that perhaps this corruption can somehow break down the party.Snowman too uses the Crakers belief in him to get things that he wants, such as when he tells them that they must catch him a fish a week, even though they so not like too. Although this is simply a way that he can survive. From the Crakers point of view, he is the only way in which they can connect with their Gods, so they do worship him to a degree. He is their link with the story of creationIm your past. Im your ancestor, come from the land of the dead.However, this is not the past that they imagine. Snowman is in some ways saving them from the evils of the past, and creating a new past for them which will help hold their society together. I t also raises the question of whether man created God, or God created man, for here Snowman created the God figures of Oryx and Crake, which was nothing like the actual people.In 1984, the fact that it is a totalitarian state could also be some comment on the religion of today that you are told what to believe and are expected to without some(prenominal) evidence. One of the slogans used by the party and Winston at the end up isGod is designer.To some extent this is true, as God can be described as all supplyful. But in the book the power is not to be used as anything good. OBrien says to WinstonPower is not a means. It is an end.This perhaps could be from the saying that absolute power corrupts absolutely, for the party wants to simply crush any human spirit out of people, to have complete control over them. And here, this is the only way that they can maintain a stable societyObedience is not enough. Unless he is suffering, how can you be sure that he is obeying your will and not his own? Power is inflicting pain and humiliation.Although extreme, it is this religious type of belief that keeps things stable and keeps the party in power.On the other hand, to say that no religion results in a society that destroys itself is also something like what happens in Oryx and Crake. From what we are told about the society that Jimmy and Crake lived in before, there is no mention that either of them are religious, or there are any other religions mentioned, and the society was destroyed, by people playing God and having power over things that they should not have had.From this, it seems that both the themes of religion and power are in both books, and also in both it is portrayed that they are linked to quite a large extent. Although power is seen as corrupting, there is some power needed to form religion, and society, in order to keep it stable, whether it is for the better or the worse.

The Rainforest and their Importance

As part of my geography coursework, I writing a piece on the rainforest, its ecosystems and its relevance to the earthly concern as a whole. I allow for produce a piece which is in underframeative and helps to highlight the rainforest and I will demonstrate my knowledge and taking into custody of its workings, and greater implications for the wider world. We are all familiar with the rainforests, but do we really understand them or earn any real knowledge of them? These questions I will seek to answer in this piece of work.Rainforest form an integral part of the earths biosphere, covering around 2% of the earths surface and organism present in every continent except Antarctica. A rainforest is a forest characterized by its extremely heavy rainfall (which is usually a mammoth 1750 to 2000mm to each one year ). These rainforests form two common subtypes the temperate and the tropical rainforests. Over a fifth of the worlds water can be found within the boundaries of the rainforest , and similarly, so can a large chunk of the worlds wildlife. The rainforest is estimated as being home to around 50% of the worlds plants and animals.If you were to take a sample of a 4 mile patch in the rainforest, then you would probably find around 1,500 flowering plants, 150 species of butterflies, 400 species of birds, and of course 750 species of trees- which just goes to highlight how expansive the forests plant life and fauna is. Most people will commonly associate the rainforest with its vast abundance of trees, and indeed, this is true. As with all forests, the rainforests trees are the very base of its ecosystems, and form a structure of grades based on height and shared characteristics.At the base of the rainforest is the forest floor, this is a dark and damp area- receiving only 2% of the forests sunlight, and a large amount of collected water. It is dark, warm and humid and it is difficult for common plants and animals to survive in so it is only really a habitat to specially adapted organisms. Just above the forest floor comes the shrub layer, it is very dark- covered by the canopy, but can provide a habitat to specially adapted plants which are usually small, but with large leaves so that they can catch as much of the minimal light which shines through as possible.Above this is comes the understorey. It is a lot darker than the layers above, but has a larger amount of sunlight than the layers beneath (though it still only claims a mediocre 5% of the forests sunlight). It hosts preferably a large array of lizards, snakes, wild cats and birds who have adapted to its environment, and there are plenty of insects to be found there, too. Also, many of the infant trees on the understorey layer may grow to reach the canopy. Above this again, is the canopy layer.This layer has by far the greatest biodiversity, and hosts the largest amount of trees, plants, animals and other wildlife (it is estimated as housing a take up of the worlds insect populat ion ). The trees are very tall here usually ranging from 30 meters to 24 meters in height, but some can grow all the same taller and reach into the emergent layer. And the emergent layers are the tallest trees which surpass the canopy and form a new layer. These trees can often reach up to 70 m in heightThis air is usually very sunny and hot, as there are no other layers to keep out the heat and light. Animals must be specially adapted to this very high, light and hot layer and animals such as monkeys, birds and butterflies are usually best suited to it. Its no strike that the rainforests plants have many human uses too. Everyday things which we consume come from the rainforests. Some of these include coffee, cocoa, hardwoods, rubber and latex.No doubt the rainforest is a huge inauguration of income for Brazil and contributes a substantial amount to its Gross National Product. The plants of the rainforest also have great scientific and medicinal qualities. Indigenous peoples of the rainforest have utilized the health properties of the plants for thousands of years, and modern western medicine often originates in the rainforest. It is estimated that around 2,000 different plant species have anti-cancer properties, and indeed many of them are being used in anti-cancer treatment today.Less than 1% of rainforest plants have been tested for medicinal applications though- so who knows what answers the rainforest may hold for future medicine. It is undoable to overestimate the importance of the rainforest to both the whole worlds geography and human society, and difficult to imagine just how different our lives would be without products derived from the rainforest. And in conclusion, I cant look of anything more vital to the earths ecosystem than the rainforest.

Doing Business in the U.K. Essay

Business Etiquette UKThe join commonwealth (UK) is comprised of four countries England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It is important not only to be aw be of these geographical distinctions but alike the strong sense of identity and nationalism felt by the populations of these four countries. The terms English and British be not interchangeable. British denotes someone who is from England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. English refers to people from England. People from Scotland are referred to as Scots. People from England are not likely to take offence at cosmos called English, whereas a Welsh, Scots, or Northern Irish person volition.Cultural DiversityFormerly a very homogenous society, since World War II, Britain has become increasingly diverse as it has accommodated large immigrant populations. The florilegium of ethnic groups and cultures make it difficult to define British as looking or acting in one particular manner. People may sound British and retain the cultural heritage of their forefathers bandage others may become more than British than someone who can trace his/her lineage to the 5th century. The item that the nations favourite dish is now a curry sums up the cultural mish-mash that is upstart day Britain.Doing affair in the UKThe British are rather formal. Many from the older generation even prefer to work with people and companies they know or who are known to their associates. Younger logical argumentpeople do not need long-standing personal relationships forwards they do business with people and do not quest an intermediary to make business introductions. Nonetheless, networking and relationship building are often key to long-term business success.Rank is respected and businesspeople prefer to deal with people at their level. If at all possible, admit an elder statesman on your team as he/she bequeath present the aura of ulteriorality that is necessary to good business relationships in many companies.Britis h communication stylesThe British have an raise mix of communication styles encompassing both understatement and direct communication. Many older businesspeople or those from the stop number class rely heavily upon formal use of established protocol. almost British are get the hang of understatement and do not use effusive language. If anything, they have a marked tendency to qualify their statements with much(prenominal) as perhaps or it could be. When communicating with people they see as equal to themselves in rank or class, the British are direct, but modest. If communicating with someone they know well, their style may be more informal, although they will still be reserved.Business meetingsPunctuality is a very British trait. It is especially important in business situations. In most cases, the people you are meeting will be on time. Always call if you will be even 5 minutes later than agreed. If you are kept waiting a few minutes, do not make an issue of it.How meetings a re conducted is often determined by the composition of people attending. If everyone is at the same level, there is generally a free flow of ideas and opinions. If there is a senior ranking person in the room, that person will do most of the speaking. In general, meetings will be rather formal and always have a clearly defined purpose, which may include an agenda. There will be a brief fall of small talk before getting down to the business at hand. If you make a presentation, obviate making exaggerated claims. Make certain your presentation and any materials provided appear professional and well purview out. Be prepared to back up your claims with facts and figures. The British rely on facts, rather than emotions, to make decisions. assign eye contact and a few feet of personal space. After a meeting, send a garner summarising what was decided and the next steps to be taken.Basic British Etiquette TipsBusiness Dress* Business robes is conservative.* Men should wear a dark colo ured, conservative business suit.* Women should wear either a business suit or a conservative dress.Greetings* Shake hands with everyone at a meeting upon arrival.* agree eye contact during the greeting.Titles* Only medical doctors and the clergy use their professional or academic titles in business. * Most people use the courtesy titles or Mr, Mrs or Miss and their surname. (Mr and Mrs are words in the United Kingdom and do not require a period after them as they are not abbreviations.) * If someone has been knighted, they are called Sir followed by their first and surnames or Sir followed simply by their first name. * Wait until invited before moving to a first-name basis. People under the age of 35 may make this move more rapidly than older British.Business Cards* Business cards are exchanged at the sign introduction without formal ritual.* The business card may be put away with only a cursory glance.Business Gifts* Business gift giving is not part of the business culture. * If you choose to assign a gift, make certain it is small and tasteful. * Good gifts include desk accessories, a paperweight with your company logo, or a book about your home country. * Inviting someone out for a meal can be viewed as a gift.http//www.kwintessential.co.uk/etiquette/doing-business-uk.html http//books.google.com.my/books?id=1ccPcVjaRGMC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=how+to+bargain+with+britain&source=bl&ots=FB64L7Wk6F&sig=6QVjUrzk4AcQ2OuUezZuyL64Mlw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2kALUeu0BcKPrgfjooH4Cw&ved=0CHAQ6AEwCAv=onepage&q=british&f= misguided