African Traditional Education Essay

Patterns IN EARLY CHILDHOOD AND PRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATION IN THE WORLD, AFRICA AND PARTICULARLY IN KENYA Course portrayal History of Early adolescence and grade school training from the old Greco-Roman occasions to the current occasions. The Renaissance time frame in Europe; The Industrial time frame in Europe; The Education in Traditional African set up; The History of Early youth in provincial time. Adolescence and Primary School Education in Independent Kenya Early Childhood Education in Old Greece. By and large, instruction and tutoring can be followed to around 500 BC in old Greece. Old Greece as the pioneer of human advancement had numerous city states. In any case, conspicuous among these were Athens and Sparta. History uncovers that early preparing of the Spartan Child was not exclusively done at home with the mother of the kid as instructor, yet newborn child training was a state concern. This is as in at earliest stages, the kid was painstakingly inspected by neighborhood older folks to check whether his physical and mental stance would suit the point of this prevalently aggressive state. Where the youngster was discovered genuinely frail he was quickly disposed of. The suggestion is that among the Spartans, just solid youngsters were raised to become residents. The Athenians might not have given specific consideration to youth instruction in the first place, yet history discloses to us that with the happening to Athenian Philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, acknowledgment was given to the requirement for youth training from birth till about age seven. This period, (birth to 7years) in their view ought to really be committed as the principal phase of â€Å"proper† rudimentary tutoring. Youth Education in Old Roman Empire. The Old Roman Empire appeared not long after the breakdown of Old Greece. Having vanquished Greece, the Romans embraced the Greek arrangement of training. Prior to at that point, training for the Roman kid was for the most part a home issue. Directly from birth, the dad of the infant kid really decided his endurance. †The infant kid was laid at his father’s feet. On the off chance that the dad lifted him that implied that he recognized and acknowledged obligation regarding him. Be that as it may, if the dad dismissed, the converse was a capital punishment for the youngster. This likewise implied before the impact of the Greeks, the Romans never had a set standard on formal tutoring for the small kid. Their concept of preschool training was learning the father’s exchange. The mother then again dealt with the child’s moral preparing. The impact of Greek training achieved another involvement with the Roman perfect for instruction. This new Graeco-Roman instructive framework presented the Ludus or basic training among different phases of learning. The Ludus was the principal phase of realizing which dealt with preschool instruction all through to primary school. Explicitly the Ludus preschool educational plan content had Reading, Writing and Arithmetic, utilizing the play strategy. For the most part in the matter of youth training in the old Roman Empire, one cannotâ underestimate the commitments of Quintilian. He was a training scholar of Roman parentage. He accepting cognisance of the youngster as a student who required the correct kind of instruction. Quintilian has such a great amount of worry for the kid, and parental duty towards his ordinary and compelling development. He pushed youth instruction in spite of the Roman section school age of seven years. His accentuation on youth training focuses on the contention that the components of adapting exclusively relies upon memory. This additionally exists in small kids, particularly in their early stages of between zero to seven years. For the most part Quintilian’s commitment to youth instructive hypothesis and practice was very critical to instructive improvement in the old Roman Empire. Youth Education in the Renaissance Period. Advertisement 1300-1600 Unlike the Middle Ages, the Renaissance time frame saw the introduction of new thoughts and information on antiquated Greek learning. A verifiable investigation of this period uncovers that there were some striking researchers who contributed tremendously to instructive world view. Such researchers incorporate Vittorrino da Feltre (1378 †1446), Desdirus Erasmus, (1446 †1536), Juan Luis Vives (1495 †1553). Every one of them took a shot at a hypothesis of youth training. Vittorrino da Feltre built up his concept of youth instruction along the line of Quintilian. He named his school for preschoolers, â€Å"The House of Joy†. In Erasmus’ hypothesis and Practice of training, he suggested that instruction should start with the primary stage or pre-school stage. His conviction for such suggestion is that at this beginning period of learning, the child’s psyche can without much of a stretch get the seeds of devotion which will make him acquainted with the fundamentals of good conduct. He additionally proposed that at this youthful age, subjects would be better learnt through games and stories. Erasmus likewise focused on the requirement for moms to partake completely in the early training of the kid, while fathers showed good and scriptural guidelines. For the most part Erasmus’ accentuation on newborn child training recommended the correct preparing and technique for Instruction. Additionally in the age of Erasmus was Juan Luis Vives. His commitment to the advancement of youth instruction in this age fixated on helping the youngster guzzle goodness and right information starting at earliest stages. He additionally suggested that educating at the youth stage should right off the bat be possible in the child’s primary language. Most importantly, learning should come through play and down to earth exercises. The modern time frame in Europe The quick development in the general populace of Europe during the Industrial Revolution was coordinated by increments in the extent of individuals who lived in towns and urban areas, and in the extent of the populace who were kids. This sensational social, political and financial change served to uncover the express insufficiency of England’s instructive arrangement. Various reports featured the insufficiencies and called for more and better schools. To fill the holes, and to accommodate England’s recently industrialized society different kinds of school started to be built up to offer some essential instruction to the majority. One such school is the baby school Infant schools They conceded two to multi year olds and thought about them while their folks were busy working in the nearby cotton plants. The guidance of youngsters under six was to comprise of ‘whatever may be assumed helpful that they could comprehend, and much consideration was committed to singing, moving , and playing’. Baby schools were along these lines from the start somewhat ‘minding schools’ for small kids in modern territories; however they likewise tried to advance the children’s physical prosperity and to offer open doors for their good and social preparing and to give some basic guidance in the 3Rs,(reading, composing and ‘rithmetic) with the goal that the kids could gain progressively quick ground when they entered the monitorial school. This arrangement of newborn child training left its imprint for a long time on the educational program and structures of primary schools (for youngsters above age six). The Education in Traditional African arrangement African indigenous training can by and large be characterized as the type of learning in Africa conventional social orders in which information, aptitudes, and mentalities of the clan, were passed from seniors to kids, by methods for oral guidelines and handy exercises. In customary African culture, instruction was very practical and planned for preparing the kid to procure information and abilities and disguise the traditions and standards of the individuals. The African kid is naturally introduced to a family or society where he admires his predecessors and older folks for help. The more youthful kids admire the more established kin as characters to copy. In this manner the customary family with their collective living gave a dock to the more youthful ones in all parts of their preparation. In this general public, the more distant family framework, regardless of how inaccessible, was viewed as an individual from the prompt home, and assumed a job in the childhood of the youngster. However, today, with modernisation and expanding monetary issues, it is getting hard to look past the close family. Basically at an early age, when the kid was weaned, he was instructed to acknowledge some ethical duties. The conventional offices of socialization incorporate the family, kinfolk gathering, social gathering and age gatherings. Despite the fact that today these offices are as yet essential to the early training of the youngster, they are very adjusted with lesser jobs. At the end of the day, the cohesiveness of conventional African culture is today debilitated with the accentuation on youngster independence as upheld by Rousseau and other kid focused logical thinkers. Fundamentally however, the African youngster in the customary setting simply like the kindergarten school kid in present day society was educated in the most functional manner. He was made to gain from more seasoned individuals, particularly from his mom. He learnt through inception, recitation and showing. He took part in recreational activities like moving and singing, wrestling, drumming and other physical presentations that fit his age. He was additionally shown rudimentary useful abilities. At last, he assimilated scholarly preparing from story †telling, stories from neighborhood history of his kin, verse, maxims and enigmas. The learning encounters were made orally and the information was put away in the heads of older folks. The educators were deliberately chosen from the family or faction. Their assignment was to bestow information, aptitudes and mentalities to the youthful, casually at the instructive and commonsense levels. at the pedantic level the instructing procedure appeared as the narratives, legends, conundrums, and melodies; while at the down to earth level people sanctioned what they had realized didacticall

Atmospheric Circulation And More :: essays research papers

The worldwide vitality balance and barometrical movement primarily decide the dissemination of the world's air. There is a chain of importance of movement in barometrical flow. Each control can be separated into littler controlling elements. The worldwide vitality balance is an equivalent parity of short-wave radiation coming into the climate and long-wave radiation leaving the climate. This is called warm harmony. The earth is at warm harmony; be that as it may, there can have an excess or deficiency of vitality in parts of the warmth financial plan. On the off chance that you have a net radiation surplus warm air will rise, and a net radiation shortfall will make the air cool a fall. Air gets warmed at the equator in light of the entomb tropical assembly zone and ascends to the shafts. There the air is chilled and it coasts ease off to the equator where the procedure is rehashed. Another major contributing variable to the dissemination of the air is because of the subtropical highs. These highs like the ITCZ relocate during the various seasons. The romanticized belt model is an incredible portrayal of the general dissemination of the air. The tropical belt of variable breezes and quiets ranges from 5 degrees north to 5 degrees south. This breeze belt is portrayed by feeble breezes and low weight from the bury tropical combination zone. As you go further north or south you experience the Hadley Cells. Hadley cell dissemination is brought about by the development of high pressure from the scopes at 5 to 30 degrees north and 5 to 30 degrees south to low weight territories around the equator. The development of air from high strain to low weight causes combination. This combination creates the creation of wind. The winds that are delivered from this are the exchange winds. The breezes blow from a northwest heading in the northern side of the equator, and in the southern side of the equator the breezes blow from a southeast course. The exchange winds are the biggest breeze belt. The westerlies, they lie somewhere in the range of 35 and 60 degrees north and south scope. The breeze blows from the west , hence their name. The westerlies are in the Ferrell cell. Cold air from the polar districts tumbles down and afterward is warmed up and pushed upward with the westerlies. >From 65 to 90 degrees north and south untruth the polar easterlies. It exists due to the weight slope that is made by the temperatures.

7th Grade Narrative Essay Topics - Secrets Revealed

7th Grade Narrative Essay Topics - Secrets RevealedChoosing the right 7th grade narrative essay topics for the next academic year is a huge responsibility. You have to get it right and the stakes are very high, not only because of your own academic reputation but also because your chosen topic will be considered for selection for the writing test that will determine if you are a potential writer or not. If you fail to come up with topics that are worth your time and the time of your students, they may never want to read your work ever again.Fortunately, I can help you realize your full potential by giving you a variety of available options for your 7th grade narrative essay topics. Although there are some assignments that you cannot get away with choosing the wrong kind of essay topic, there are still plenty of excellent choices. Of course, every student and every assignment is different. But, what I can do for you is to show you the very best choices.The simple reason why this is so is that there are many, many ways to approach a topic. There are formal essay topics, those that are required in most classes and there are the ones that are meant to be fun and light-hearted. Yes, you have to have a clear idea about what you are supposed to write in order to successfully do so. You have to write an essay that will engage both your audience and yourself as well. If you do, it will be easier for you to come up with the appropriate narrative.Keep in mind that it is very important to take special care when selecting the essay topic. If you have too many choices, you will end up overwhelmed. For example, what is a good topic for a seven grader who has just moved to a new school?Or what would be a great homework assignment for a fifteen-year-old girl who is already going to graduate? What if the topic was fora middle school student who is going to enter the senior class? The list goes on.One thing is for sure. The things that you need to think about carefully are the to pics that a 7th grader will have to face during their sophomore year of high school. As you can imagine, what they are writing about in their junior year is likely to be very different from what they will be writing about in their senior year.One more thing to consider is that the writers that use these topics must be able to choose the topics that appeal to them the most. Some writers choose to write about the perfect subject matter, hoping that this will be the type of topic that will attract their readers. While this sounds great, this is the exact opposite of what it takes to have successful writing. You need to find the type of topic that will spark your readers to get excited about reading what you have to say.For this reason, I recommend that you begin by doing some research on your topic and choosing the writers that can best illustrate your writing skills. Then, once you know that what you want to write is well within your ability, then you can choose the writing style that will give you the highest success rate.

Questioning Strategies to Improve Understanding of Conic...

Introduction I chose to focus on how the use of questioning strategies in a whole class setting improves student understanding of conic sections because I struggle with using open-ended questioning. I see how â€Å"yes† and â€Å"no† questions do not usually cause students to think, since the answer to the question is often in the question. However, from my own experience as a teacher, simply asking an open-ended question about a new topic can cause frustration. If the students do not have any idea of how to answer the question, they simply stare and look confused. Even so, I do believe that open-ended questions can be very beneficial as an aid to learning if they are asked properly. Research Question How does the use of questioning strategies†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The question content determines the type of information that a teacher obtains about students’ thinking† (Manouchehri Lapp, 2003, p.564), and, of course, the purpose of the question must align with the learning goals. It is important to note that â€Å"Small modifications in the questions asked of students can furnish insights into students’ conceptual understanding of the computations and processes . . .† (Chappell Thompson, 1999, p.470). For instance, asking why an answer is correct gives more information about the student’s understanding than merely asking what the correct answer is. Using effective questioning is a skill developed over time and with experience. The more the teacher practices strategic questioning, the better the teacher will become at this skill. Before asking a question the educator should consider whether it actually needs to be answered, whether it will open up discussion, and whether it leads to the learning goals (Inspire, 2011). If it does none of these, the question does not need to be asked. Research Method This class was composed of 20 male and 8 female students. The ethnicities included Anglo, Latino, Black, and Asian. Figure 1 shows the distribution of ethnicity in this classroom, while Figure 2 shows the distribution for this school. By comparison of the class demographics to the school demographics, it is clear that a larger percentage

Term Papers on Sexual Orientation in Jail/Prison of LGBT People

Though LGBT (Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) prisoners face challenges which other prisoners face, sexual orientation, prejudice and gender identity makes the challenges to be more difficult for them. Other human rights violations faced by LGBT persons include: physical and mental integrity rights, freedom of association and that of expression, laws that are discriminating and application of laws in a discriminatory manner (Forsyth et al, 2002). Though most of the unique challenges that LGBT prisoners face have not received extensive litigation, those that have already been litigated might receive a significant change, if the Supreme Court makes a decision that is relatively still. It becomes hard to make a prediction of the claims outcomes. The combination of the unpredictability, transphobia and homophobia may interfere with the decisions that juries and judges make, meaning that, when LGBT prisoners bring their claims in court, they face so many challenges (Kupers, 2010). This makes most of the LGBT prisoners to contact LGBT impact litigation organizations in order to find out whether the organization’s lawyers would have the willingness to take their case especially if one wants to introduce new theories that are related to gender identity or sexual orientation (Haggerty, 2007). Transgender is a term that is used to refer to a broad spectrum of individuals who have different identity or lived experiences different to that which is typically associated with the one which is assigned when one is born (NCTE, 2011). It includes masculine women, cross dressers, feminine men, and persons experiencing intersex conditions, pre, post and non-operative transgendered people and persons who live partly or fully as a particular gender as opposed to what was assigned to them when they were born. Gender identity is a term that is used to describe the type of gender that one identifies as, be it the one assigned at birth or not (Haggerty, 2007). Discrimination and violence by both the government authorities and civilians against LGBT, has remained in most parts of the world. The accountability of the violence is directed to the perpetrators by the states, thus creating climate full of impunity (Smith, 2006). This is a violation of international standards of human rights, which call for the state to protect all its citizens’ human rights (Library Information and Research Service, 2006). Recent years have recorded violence patterns that include physical assault and murder that was particularly targeted to the gay and the transgender people in several countries. In most of the cases, the police did not bother to investigate, were complicit, or even did not hold the responsible ones accountable for their deeds (Smith, 2006). A double challenge that includes abuse and discrimination is faced by lesbians as a result of their sexual orientation and gender. Research done on correctional facilities on sexual abuse, has a consistent documentation that both women and men who are transgender individuals, those with heterosexual orientations and those with intersex conditions, have a high vulnerability to sexual abuse (NCTE, 2011). An example is a research done on Midwestern prisons sexual coercion, which documented that, LGBT inmates were represented in a disproportional manner among sexually victimized inmates’ subgroup. The gay and bisexual men were 26 percent among the victimized men and the lesbian and bisexual women were 38 percent amongst the women. According to a research done by BJS (Bureau of Justice Statistics), sexual abuse vulnerability, is associated with certain characteristics which include gender identity and sexual orientation. The BJS youth in Juvenile facilities survey documented that in five non heterosexual youth, more than one reported of being sexually victimized by a facility staff or another youth. Almost a l ikelihood of ten times was reported by non-heterosexual youth as compared to heterosexual youth, of sexual abuse while in custody, by other youth (12.5% vs. 1.3%). County jails adult inmates in the same study confirmed that, being of another sexual orientation which is not heterosexual, made sexual orientation to increase significantly (Scribd, 2011). In other studies, transgender girls and women, show a high vulnerability to sexual abuse. This is more so when they are kept in the same facilities with boys and men. A study carried out in 2007 by Evidence Based Corrections of University of California showed that, among transgender inmates, sexual assault has more prevalence, with reports of sexual assault being 59%.   The study showed that, there was a higher likelihood of transgender victims than other victims to have experienced sexual assault on more than one occasion. The findings bring out the conclusion that, transgender people while compared to other populations which are relatively vulnerable, are perilously situated (Haggerty, 2007). This concern has led to the Correctional Health Care National Commission and the American Psychological Association to issue statements that recognize that there is a higher risk of transgender inmates to be abused and hence they should be protected. When LGBT people are sexually abused, their basic human rights are violated, the government’s obligation constitutionally to provide confinement conditions that are humane and safe is violated, and the successful transition likelihood of giving back into the community is impeded (Robinson, 2011).   If the commission’s standards are implemented, the safety of the people has a potential to be improved, this includes the LGBT people, who have an involvement in the justice system. In order to fight sexual abuse among LGBT, the officials of correctional facilities should ensure that, a zero tolerance approach to any kind of sexual abuse is observed as well as clear protocols are put in place in order for an occurrence of sexual abuse to be responded to effectively (Forsyth et al, 2002). These provisions can be of more importance to LGBT individuals who are more vulnerable to sexual abuse since any reports they make of being sexually abused are treated with minimum seriousn ess as compared to those of non LGBT inmates and an appropriate response is not given (Smith, 2006). Correctional officials should also appropriately coordinate with outside entities, in order to promote reporting of such cases, investigation and sexual abuse prosecution in their facilities. When employees, contractors, volunteers and inmates are trained and educated, they get the knowledge of preventing, detecting and responding to sexual abuse incidents (Robinson, 2011). A well crafted and comprehensive training is important when it comes to fostering people to understand better, correct the misconceptions related to LGBT persons and assist staff and inmates with the right strategies in order to improve the safety of LGBT (Library Information and Research Service, 2006).   When training the staff, effective and professional communication strategies with inmates are important. Correctional facilities should also ensure that, screening for sexual victimization and abuse risk, as well as residents’ assessment and placement is done. This is to make sure that each person’s particular victimization risk is known by the facilities, and that every inmate’s genital status, or gender identity or sexual orientation, does not make the person to be more subjected to conditions that are more punitive (Human Rights Watch Stern, 2008). Due to high vulnerability of sexual abuse to LGBT inmates, there should be a bisexual sexual orientation or gay inclusion and gender nonconformance for instance, intersex identity or transgender in the male inmates screening criteria for victimization risk in adult jails and prisons (Robinson, 2011). Since during screening some of the LGBT individuals may opt not to reveal their gender identity and sexual orientation, the inmates’ vulnerability self perception in the female and male inmates screening should be included. Another importance of sexual victimization and abuse risk screening and residents assessment and placement, is to prohibit vulnerable segregation of inmates except on temporary basis or only as a last resort, and also the equal access requirement to services and programs, cannot receive more emphasis (Resnik, 1982). The specific requirement in sexual victimization and abuse risk screening is that LGBT and other inmates who are gender nonconforming should not be placed in specific units, facilities or wings on the sole basis of genital status, sexual orientation or gender identity. This will help in prevention of LGBT inmates’ segregation (Congress, 1998). The LGBT involuntary segregation and that of other inmates who are gender nonconforming, denies them the access they need to services, programs and the ability of moving around the facility in a manner that they are supposed to, and thus this leads to punishment. It is harmful and unjust to punish people as a resul t of their vulnerable status; it makes the LGBT inmates to be more biased and also gives a discouragement in receiving honest responses during question screening (Smith, 2006). Another way that officials in correctional facilities can beat LGBT sexual abuse is by addressing the reporting and official response standards (Scribd, 2011). The reasons why inmates refuse to report cases of sexual abuse are; they won’t be taken seriously, they might not be kept confidential, and/ or they won’t result in positive consequences which are tangible (Human Rights Watch, 2010).   For LGBT individuals, the above concerns are truer as they are presumed wrongly, as sexual abuse instigators and as persons who do not deserve credit from the assault reports. Investigations and discipline standards should also be introduced in order to ensure that all abuse allegations that include reports by anonymous or third party are investigated fully and that there is proper handling of substantiated allegations in the criminal and administrative proceedings. Perpetrators who normally target to abuse LGBT inmates most of the time act with impunity (Miller et al, 2010).The provision of the discipline and investigations standards will make it able for LGBT inmates’ sexual abuse cases to be treated with seriousness as any other sexual abuse would be. In order to assist staff’ identify the victimization risk of an inmate, health care both medically and mentally should be given (Loue, 2008). Mental and medical health care also protects inmates from burdens and financial incentives which are not due through ensuring that they receive for free, emergency, mental and medical health care. These provisions also ensure that victims’ responsive services are in the same level as those offered in the community. They are also important as LGBT inmates may be more comfortable while they tell a medical or a mental staff about a certain abuse or an abuse fear and hence the basic care level should be accessible to sexual abuse survivors in the community (Loue, 2008). In order to improve prevention, detection, practices, response policies and training, agencies should collect information and review it not leaving behind the incident based and the aggregate information (Resnik, 1982). The standards of data collection and review, help agencies to identify victimization patterns, learn from problems which have occurred in the past and improve LGBT protections and other inmates who are vulnerable. Due to the high risk of sexual abuse to LGBT inmates, they need to be given more supervision that would make them feel more protected other than punished (Miller et al, 2010). This is by observing them continuously by both sight and sound. Supervision does not mean camera over reliance but the use of cost effective and appropriate technology on the feasibility assessment and plan basis that accounts for the financial limitations of an individual’s jurisdictions’. Using this flexible approach is different to using local expertise and analysis therefore it would impose fewer expenses on facilities (Messinger Morrow, 2006). According to the survey conducted by BJS, most sexual abuse is conducted by the opposite sex staff members showing the need of minimizing the contact that inmates have   physically with the opposite sex staff.   Instead of limiting the cross gender supervision in every area that the inmates perform bodily functions or undress, actual viewing of the opposite gender inmates should be prohibited only exceptional to emergencies or in circumstances that are unforeseen or extraordinary (Human Rights Watch, 2010). This is contrary to some corrections officials concerns, as the requirements require low cost solutions, which do not require additional hiring and which abide to the employment law. The BJS study showed that cross gender sexual abuse by the staff, was high in men’s facilities and so its important to put these basic measures in both the men’s and women’s institutions as well. To avoid viewing inmates as they conduct their bodily duties, opposite gender off icials should make announcements before they make an entrance to the dormitory area (Messinger Morrow, 2006). Towels can also be provided for the inmates so that while in the toileting and showering areas, basic privacy can be allowed without security compromise.   While conducting intrusive searches which demand physical contact or bodily exposure, limitation to areas that act as contraband potential contact points, should be done. Staff should not be allowed to carry out pat searches anywhere in the facility but they should be done at the right places as this will reduce contraband confiscation (Human Rights Watch Stern, 2008). When the cross gender basic limitations of viewing and searching are observed, the LGBT inmates and other inmates who are vulnerable are protected from sexual abuse by staff. Since the corrections culture is pervaded by transphobia and homophobia, it is good to conduct outside review (Kupers, 2010). This is vital in LGBT inmates and residents protection.   A sound oversight that is done by an independent entity that is qualified can identify the problems which are systemic at the same time offering solutions which are effective (Congress, 1998). When the oversight monitoring is done in a proper manner, a facility’s safety credible objective assessment can be provided; this is by problems identification which may be apparently ready to an independent monitor as compared to an official who works in the detention system. In case the systems do not meet the required standards, then they are held accountable; another advantage of having outside monitoring (Human Rights Watch, 2010). It is also important to have judicial oversight. In case the officials do fail the LGBT inmates’ protection from being sexually abused, the victims should be able t o access the judiciary without facing the procedural and unrealistic requirements barriers (Smith, 2006). Every individual whether LGBT or straight has his or her own human rights. The state should therefore look into these rights to avoid violation. References Congress. (1998). Congressional Record, V. 144, Pt. 13, July 31, 1998 to September 8, 1998. Washington D.C, DC: Government Printing Office. Forsyth, C. J., Evans, R. D., Foster, D. B. (2002). An Analysis of Inmate Explanations for Lesbian Relationships in Prison. Retrieved from http://www.yorku.ca/irjs/Archives/F20/F204.pdf on July 22. Haggerty, G. E. (2007). A companion to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer studies. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Human Rights Watch (Organization)., Stern Jessica.(2008). These everyday humiliations: violence against lesbians, bisexual women, and transgender men in Kyrgyzstan. Washington D.C, DC: Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch. (2010). World Report 2011: United States. Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2011/united-states on July 22. Kupers, T. A. (2010). The Role of Misogyny and Homophobia in prison Sexual Abuse. 18 UCLA Women’s L. J. Vol.107. Library Information and Research Service. (2006). The Middle East, abstracts and index, Part 4. Northumberland, PA: Northumberland Press. Loue, S. (2008). Health issues confronting minority men who have sex with men. Columbus, GA: Springer.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Messinger, L., Morrow, D. F. (2006). Case studies on sexual orientation and gender expression in social work practice. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Miller, A. M., Rose man, M. J., Friedman, C. (2010). Sexual Health and Human Rights: United States Canada. Retrieved from http://www.ichrp.org/files/papers/178/140_Miller_Roseman_Friedman_uscan_2010.pdf on July 22. NCTE. (2011). Advancing Transgender Equality. Retrieved from http://transgenderequality.wordpress.com/   on July 22. Resnik, J. (1982). Women’s Prisons and Men’s Prisons. Should prisoners be classified by sex? Review of Policy Research. Volume 2, Issue 2, 246-252, November 1982. Robinson, R. K. (2011). Masculinity as Prison: Race, Sexual Identity and Incarceration. Retrieved from http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:eeM-s7ahzYIJ:www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/Intellectual_Life/Liman_Workshop_Spring_2011_Syllabus_Updated_4_25_11.pdf+masculinity+as+prison:+racesexual+identity+and+incarceration+by+Russellhl=engl=kepid=blsrcid=ADGEESiY7-3k2N7SPLClZdt0EytlGv-W8wvYtrmTAWHOlTnPJ6ZlEJdLSjX0RO9QlThQYEehgKhB9QxFZuf4c8nCBMfKyCVizUwnvfiQYofmcWzi-T5rSk9u81Y33ssS_Am4yKU7owrWsig=AHIEtbTyfu3TSHfCawKjPrCkTMPqGaBWvw on July 22. Scribd. (2011). National Standards To Prevent, Detect, and Respond to Prison Rape.  https://www.scribd.com/document/54225566/National-Standards-To-Prevent-Detect-and-Respond-to-Prison-Rape on July 22. Smith, B. V. (2006). Rethinking Prison Sex: Self Expression and Safety. Columbia Journal of Gender and Law, Vol. 15, p. 185.

APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants

APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants [Supersedes APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (Issued in June 2006 and subsequently amended in February 2008)] ISSUED: December 2010 Copyright  © 2010 Accounting Professional Ethical Standards Board Limited (â€Å"APESB†). All rights reserved. Apart from fair dealing for the purpose of study, research, criticism and review as permitted by the Copyright Act 1968, no part of these materials may be reproduced, modified, or reused or redistributed for any commercial purpose, or distributed to a third party for any such purpose, without the prior written permission of APESB. Any permitted reproduction including fair dealing must acknowledge APESB as the source of any such†¦show more content†¦23 [AUST] PREFACE: SECTIONS 290 AND 291 ................................................................ 40 PART C: MEMBERS IN BUSINESS ............................................................................ 120 TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS .................................................................................... 132 CONFORMITY WITH INTERNATIONAL PRONOUNCEMENTS ........................... 133 2 1 1.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION Accounting Professional Ethical Standards Board Limited (APESB) issues APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (this Code). This Code is operative from 1 July 2011 and supersedes APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (issued in June 2006 and subsequently amended in February 2008). Earlier adoption of this Code is permitted. Transitional provisions relating to Public Interest Entities, partner rotation, non-assurance services, Fees – relative size, compensation and evaluation policies apply from the date specified in the respective transitional provisions (refer page 132). All Members in Australia shall comply with APES 110 including when providing Professional Services in an honorary capacity. All Members practicing outside of Australia shall comply with APES 110 to the extent to which they are not prevented from so doing by specific requirements of local laws and/or regulations. This Code is not intended to detract from any r esponsibilities which may be imposed by law orShow MoreRelatedThe Issue The Categories Of Threat May Affect Auditor Independence1545 Words   |  7 Pagespressure† (CPA 2013). Application APES 110, of protection measures Para 290,169 recognizes the need for dialogue between the auditor and the client on the types of issues. 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Operation Management of Tesla-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Operation Management of Tesla. Answer: Introduction: Tesla was seen to be founded in the year 2003 by a group of engineers, with main motive to manufacture cars based on electric technology. The companys vision further includes proving that their technology has been seen to be better that the gasoline cars. In the recent time, Tesla is involved is involved in manufacturing not only the all-electric vehicles but is also able to build storage products for scalable clean energy generation. The fist launch of the product has been seen in terms of launching of Roadster in 2008. Post launch of this vehicle the company has been able to be the first in manufacturing the premium all-electric sedan from Model S. The main production unit of the company has been further seen to be based on Fremont factory in California .in this particular location the company also manufactures majority of the vehicles components (Tesla.com, 2017). On March 31, 2016, the new lower priced model 3 of Tesla electric car has been seen with total customer order of 276,000 over the weekend. However, previous Model X has struggled with due to the various types of the associated issue related to the production in terms complex combination of mechanical and computer software problems. The consumer reports have further recommended that they should avoid new cars in their first year of production. The report aims to show the various aspects to refute such recommendations. This has been further able to recommend the various types of the considerations which have been seen to be based on designing of service process new Model 3. The report has been further able to suggest the various types the considerations for Tesla relative to ensuring the quality of their new Model 3 car. Recommendations to refute avoiding new cars in their first year of production The consumer reports have been seen to test the reliability of the services provided by a particular model of the based on series of questionnaire. The questionnaires asked to the consumer are sent to the associated subscribers. The main consideration made in the questionnaire has been further seen to be based on the incidences which have taken place in the last 12 months. These subscribers have been asked to identify the problems relating to issue such as cost, failure, safety, or downtime. The total number of the surveys has been further seen to be ranging from a total number of 200 to 400 samples for each model year (Consumerreports.org, 2017). Based on the consideration made in the previous consumer survey reports tit has been seen to be discerned that it is recommended that the consumers should avoid buying of the new cars in their first year of production. Some of the main recommendations to refute this have been seen with the following considerations: Improving the RMA or RGA services- The recent issues with Model X including mechanical fault such with falcon wing doors and latch on the third-row seat cannot be overlooked and Tesla needs to take appropriate actions to address the same. Return merchandise authorization (RMA) or Return goods authorization (RGA), it that part of the operations management which ensures that the product ordered is eligible to receive a replacement, refund, or repair during the product's warranty period. Tesla should allow the consumers to contact the manufacturer or distributor to receive the authorization to return any part which has been identified to be faulty. The company can seek to improve the existing RMA and RGA services by ensuring that the consumers are able to get these services receive free of cost for the assigned warranty period of Model 3. Some of the other considerations need to be made in terms of the various types of the services which are seen to be associated to the manufacturing pr ocess itself. This will be able to ensure that the products will be replaced even before the reaching the consumers. This can be done during the final testing of the products and ensure that the new cars are not equipped with any faulty equipments (Calvi et al., 2015). Improving the Return to vendor (RTV) services - The company needs to further ensure that specific steps needs to be taken in terms of the various types of the considerations which are seen to be related to the process of returning the goods to the original vendor of the products rather than sending the same to the associated distributor of the products. Tesla needs to particularly reduce the various types of the process which are related to the returning of the original goods to the original vendor rather distributor. The end consumers should be allowed to book the various types of the service which are seen to be related to the booking of RTV services. The company needs to ensure that in incidence of any failure of parts of the car a service deliver agent is able to pick the car from the destination of the user and it needs to en further ensured that the associated faults due to the manufactured process needs to be resolved free of cost (Heizer, 2016). Effective warranty services In order to refute the recommendation based on the Model X of the company it needs to ensure that the warranty services are best on compare to the competitors. It has been further discerned that the various types of the cost incurred to provide the after sales service will result in increasing customer loyalty and more consumer will look forward to invest in the new model of Tesla. Treat the Situation with Urgency- The Company needs to solve the various types to the previous issues which are seen to be associated the faults of the production in the previous Model X. It needs to further ensure that the different types the service provided by Tesla is delivered with utmost testing and reliability. The company needs to focus on the improvement of the quality of the consumer survey and be able to deliver the most reliable product with efficient design (Slack, 2015). Have a Positive Attitude- Tesla should look forward to regain the trust of the consumers not only by the process of the adding exclusive features to the new model but to ensure that Model 3, will be one of the best in its class. It needs to regain the faith of consumers, by ensuring that the new model of the car will be completely different in terms of reliability than its predecessors (Dow Dow, 2016). Managing the delivery of the new Model 3 during the initial production ramp up It has been seen that Tesla has been able to share the various types of information which are seen to be related to the delivery of the new Model 3 during the initial production ramp up. Tesla should set a target of 20,000 consumers in December. Tesla should take reviews from the customers for its first 30 orders of Model 3. It needs to further aim to produce 100 and further increase this to 1,500 in September. As the company has been seen to launch a total of 25,051 vehicles in the first quarter, it should double up the distribution process in the second quarter (Hull, 2017). The main geographic locations selected to deliver the products in Europe and North America. For the delivery of the efficient service the company needs to consider the partners which are seen in terms of the position of the new cars in the market. Tesla is having more than 30000 of them including long working in the factory located at Fremont. The models of the car have been shown off with 5,000 cars per week and the company should further consider 10000 cars in 2018 (Greentechmedia.com, 2017). The company needs to further select the various types of the value chain partners which are seen to be based on the component, partners and the various types of the other regulators. The enabling process of the company has been also seen to be based on the vehicle testing process, using of big data and testing of the testing of the battery in the Nevada plant. The core process of the company has been further seen to be based on the various types of the process like using the appropriate manufacturing and the assembling software, electric car and the precise technological knowledge. The customer service has been based on the customer brand evangelists, direct sales from the customer. The delivery service of Tesla can further take into consideration free charging stations. Some of the distribution channel of the company may include both online and retail store. The various types of the promotion done on the online sites and retail stores are considered as per the promotional strategies . The customer segment of the company has been further seen to be distributed based on the high end retail stores. The service process for the cost structure of the company needs to further consider the various types of the factors such as manufacturing, engineering, technology, real estate, maintenance and engineering salaries. The various channels of the revenue streams of the company have been further seen in from of sales of cars and partnerships. The position of the stores of the company in the designated geographical areas should be further based on the stores which are located in the high foot traffic with high visibility such as malls and shopping streets where the people are seen to visit on regular basis. This particular aspect will further allow the company to interact with the various types of potential consumers and it will be further able to learn about customer buying behavior. Tesla needs to further take various initiatives to train product specialists so that the consumers will be able to buy the relevant sub model under Model 3. Some of the main features which Tesla needs to ensure during the launch of the product has been seen in terms of ensuring the facilitation of the features such as auto steer, auto parallel parking, sun roof, superfast charging, Level 3 fast charging and facilities such as vehicle to grid capability. Some of the main consideration during the delivery process needs to further consider based on the facilities such as free car rental for 3 weeks every year, preheating/ pre-cooling app. Figure: Service process model for Model 3 (Source: Slack, 2015) Other suggestions for Tesla relative to ensuring the quality of their new Model 3 car The company should consider the various types of flaws in the Model X as a hard lesson in the manufacturing process of Model 3. The Model 3 should build procedure should follow simpler specification that it was present in the Model X of the ultra-luxury offerings. Tesla should consider releasing of the details associated to technical specifications, financing options and interior design options. The company should ensure that the company is able to publish sufficient details about the product so that the customer loyalty has been ensured. Some of the main form of the other consideration taken by Tesla needs to be implemented based on the refundable deposits. The company has been already seen to considering total refundable deposits of 400000; however it needs to ensure that the people are placed in the first line to buy the vehicles. Hence due to the immensely high number of the orders, Tesla should consider deliver cars to customers on a first-come-first-served basis (i.e., in the o rder of when deposits were placed) (USA TODAY, 2017). The company needs to further take into consideration that the first-come-first-served basis of scheduling. This type of service is seen to be based on attending the orders based on the arrivals without the individual preferences. By following a first-come-first-served basis of scheduling the company will be further able to ensure that the customers are able to get an equal opportunity in the delivery of the desired services. The company will be able to ensure that the various types of the delivery of the service also seen with utmost fairness. This particular strategy needs to further employ in the sales orders, in determining restaurant seating and of course the vehicle orders. It has been further considered that the scheduling of the services has been further seen to be based on the different types services associated to the pre-booking of the products. The various types of the considerations made in terms of the after sales service of the adoption of the RMA services should be sim ilarly considered on First cum first serve basis. The important aspect of the services has been further seen to be base on the various types the factors which has been take into consideration made with insurance of the vehicles. The company should take the initiative of to inform the customers of the insurance option from the time of purchasing (Krajewski et al., 2013). In order to ensure the more reliability in the manufactured products, the company needs to ensure the adoption of six sigma technique. The maturity of the manufacturing process based on six-sigma approach will be able to ensure that the manufacturing process is seen with 99.99966% in terms of the al the opportunities of the produce to be defect free in nature. The continuous integration of the six sigma will be able to ensure the continuous effort to achieve a predictable and stable measure in reduce the variation in the manufacturing method. Hence, the company will be able to deliver highest quality to the customers (Pyzdek Keller, 2014). Conclusion The study has been able to focus on the feedbacks of previous consumer survey reports of Model X and suggest the various types the considerations for Tesla relative to ensuring the quality of their new Model 3 car. The main form of the recommendation to refute avoiding new cars in their first year of production of the cars has been seen to be based on the Improving the RMA or RGA services. This has been identified as the recent issues with Model X including mechanical fault such with falcon wing doors and latch on the third-row seat cannot be overlooked and Tesla needs to take appropriate actions to address the same. Return merchandise authorization (RMA) or Return goods authorization (RGA). Tesla needs to further ensure that specific steps need to be taken in terms of the various types of the considerations which are seen to be related to the process of returning the goods to the original vendor of the products rather than sending the same to the associated distributor of the produc ts. For managing the delivery of the Model 3, the company needs to take reviews from the customers for its first 30 orders of Model 3. It needs to further aim to produce 100 and further increase this to 1,500 in September. As the company has been seen to launch a total of 25,051 vehicles in the first quarter, it should double up the distribution process in the second quarter. It has been further seen that the company should adopt first cum first serve service for the order and maintain quality aspect with the adoption of Six Sigma. References About Tesla | Tesla. (2017).Tesla.com. Retrieved 10 August 2017, from https://www.tesla.com/about Calvi, K., Chung, S. H., Havens, R., Srihari, K., Economou, M., Kulkarni, R. (2015, January). A Simulation-based Optimization Study in Return Merchandise Authorization Processes. InIIE Annual Conference. Proceedings(p. 2011). Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE). Chiefinnovator.com. (2017).Retrieved 10 August 2017, from https://www.chiefinnovator.com/sites/chiefinnovator.com/files/tesla-bma.jpg Dow, J., Dow, J. (2016).Tesla Model S re-earns Consumer Reports recommendation on improved reliability.Electrek. Retrieved 10 August 2017, from https://electrek.co/2016/10/24/tesla-model-s-re-earns-consumer-reports-recommendation-on-improved-reliability/ Greentechmedia.com. (2017).Teslas Highly Anticipated Model 3 Just Entered Production Hell. [online] Available at: https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/tesla-model-3-production-hell-elon-musk-ev [Accessed 10 Aug. 2017]. Heizer, J. (2016).Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India. Hull, M. (2017).Elon Musk's 15-Year Quest Gets the Green Light.Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 10 August 2017, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-03/tesla-ceo-musk-says-model-3-passes-all-regulatory-requirements Krajewski, L. J., Ritzman, L. P., Malhotra, M. K. (2013).Operations management: processes and supply chains(Vol. 1). New York, NY: Pearson. Pyzdek, T., Keller, P. A. (2014).The six sigma handbook(p. 25). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Tesla Model 3 Reliability - Consumer Reports. (2017).Consumerreports.org. Retrieved 10 August 2017, from https://www.consumerreports.org/cars/tesla/model-3/2017/reliability Tesla Model 3: Should you buy Elon Musk's first mass-market electric car?. (2017).USA TODAY. Retrieved 10 August 2017, from https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2017/07/17/tesla-model-3/471938001/ Teslas Highly Anticipated Model 3 Just Entered Production Hell. (2017).Greentechmedia.com. Retrieved 10 August 2017, from https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/tesla-model-3-production-hell-elon-musk-ev USA TODAY. (2017).Tesla Model 3: Should you buy Elon Musk's first mass-market electric car?. [online] Available at: https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2017/07/17/tesla-model-3/471938001/ [Accessed 10 Aug. 2017].

What Is the Impact on Airplane Pilots Work Hours and Stress on Flight Safety free essay sample

Accuracy means something to me. Its vital to my sense of values. Ive learned not to trust people who are inaccurate. Every aviator knows that if mechanics are inaccurate, aircraft crash. If pilots are inaccurate, they get lost—sometimes killed. In my profession life itself depends on accuracy. † –Charles A. Lindbergh Accuracy includes precision, if you aren’t paying attention how will anything ever be exact and precise? The time pilots spend behind the controls of an air craft can be anywhere from one hour to fifteen hours. The first and last twenty minutes of a flight are the most dangerous and stressful time for pilots, take-off, taxiing from gate to runway and back and touchdown. After fifteen hours of concentration the pilots usually won’t have enough energy to safely land the plane. So what is the impact on airplane pilots work hours and stress on flight safety? Pilots get stressed after fifteen hours of flying this is without any other factors that distract them from work. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the Impact on Airplane Pilots Work Hours and Stress on Flight Safety? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The article Air India Pilots Threaten Indefinite Strike tells about the hardships of many pilots in India. A large number of our members (pilots) have informed us that owing to the psychological stress that they are under and bearing in mind the safety of passengers; they will be unable to operate flights on and after April 1st, until the management clears all the dues. † (Indo Asian News Service) They later state, â€Å"Many have taken loans for their flying training, other share commitments to their parents and children, and many have complained that banks are hounding them to repay their loans. † (IANS) This shows that the people who are flying planes have other things that are also on their mind. Preoccupied, stressed out about problems at home won’t help with the problems of paying of the loans of their training. Airlines should make a conscious effort to help out pilots so they don’t have to be stressed with outside things while on the job. â€Å"Family first† a common cliche used in the world, this would explain why many pilots complain about family troubles while at work. The European Union is trying to help airline pilot. They are trying to reduce pilot’s hours from 15 hours to 14 hours at daylight and 12 hours at night. Alex Derry) The European Cockpit Association Wants still more of a reduction on the number of hours that the pilots can work. (Alex Derry) The work hours are not the same numbers of hours they are sitting at the controls. They usually work be between 8 to 15 hours a day and only 13 to 6 are actually behind the controls of the aircraft cockpit. The hours are 1 to 2 hours more for work but still create stress on the pilots. The United Kingdom currently leads the way with the least amount of time pilots can fly continentally. Their regulations allow for the maximum hours a pilot can fly to be 10 hours and 15 minutes. They are trying to get an exemption from the European Union’s vote so that they can feel their pilots are safe. It is great to see the number of countries that turn their heads to be aware of this increase. Then there are nations like Britain already passing laws to limit hours on already existing regulations. Then there are also countries like the United States that are doing research to test the limits of the human body that the world can then use. Additionally an interview by Denmark’s Politiken a pilot explained how he flew even though he felt unfit to fly as well as fatigued. The pilot comments, â€Å"I thought that I should declare myself unfit, but flew nonetheless, during the flight, I made a lot of small mistakes, but luckily nothing happened. † Many pilots feel that they will lose their job if they don’t show up to work because they are sick. A law was actually installed to make sure pilots didn’t fly if they felt unfit to fly. Still in a survey taken in 2010, 61 pilots were asked if they had piloted an aircraft when they had felt unit to fly, 80% said they had and they felt pressured to do it. Another 34% said they had flown unfit five times in the past five years. (Alex Derry) If the passengers in the plane had known this they might not have flown the plane that trip. It’s a daunting thought that as you sit in the airplane your pilot may be sleeping and you would never know about it. The ICE (Inter City Express) trains in Germany have installed petals that must be pressed every minute to 30 seconds otherwise the train will shut off automatically. Something like this maybe a good idea on planes to make sure the pilot or the co-pilot stays awake. This could also help air traffic controllers and the Federal Aviation Administration see and curve the amount of planes where pilots fall asleep. So the question arises, why do the pilots feel pressured? Workers for many airlines are under constant strain of work because or the budget cuts within the company. (Eastern Worker) Often companies seem to not acknowledge that they make their employees work so hard. What makes the company pressure the pilots? How the companies have handles the rise of fuel prices is by cutting personnel, meaning the people who are left need to work more hours to fill the spots of the people that left. To create a scenario, you fly from Gainesville to Charlotte and back two times every day. US Airways decides they don’t have to money to pay another pilot and you receive their hours too. Now you will fly back and forth four times. The time you now get to spend with your family has been decreased so you worry more about what is happening at home and you get less free time so you get less time to rest. So another pilot gets dismissed so US Airways has you running the max hours they can every day for regional flights, 10 hours. This means you spend every second night in Gainesville and one in Charlotte, unless there is an open seat on the returning flight. It is easy to see how the company can make it so the pilot could be so stressed about his or her work. A story by the Eastern Worker tells of a tragedy that occurred from lack of sleep of an Air India pilot. On May 22, 2010 a flight from Dubai to Mangalore killed 158 passengers and crew and left only 8 people alive. The pilot was suffering from â€Å"sleep inertia. † He fell asleep and didn’t wake up until the plane was on its decent. When he reached the airport’s landing strip he only had 244 meters left, he had over flown the other 2,156 meters of runway. The plane ended up hitting a wall and sliding into the adjoining valley. The black box which contains vital flight information was found and they heard cockpit noises of deep snoring and heavy breathing and an argument after touchdown whether or not to take off again. (Eastern Worker) Eliminating arguments between the captain and the co-pilot could have saved the plane but then it would depend who is right the pilot isn’t always correct. As the plane needs a certain length of runway to safely land this should be the overall determiner to whether or not the plan could land. This is an extreme case of what can happen. The pilot fell asleep for half the flight and then he wakes up and is disoriented and has a slow reaction time when it comes time to land the plane. Not all cases are like this though. In 2006, the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) and Delta signed an agreement authorizing Delta pilots to fly 16-17 hour flights between the U. S. and India. Aviation Today’s Daily Brief) These are very long hours of work for the pilots so before they are allowed to fly again they must rest 48 hours before departing on the return leg. This spied lawsuits about how long the pilots must rest the final decision lay at 48 hours minimum to 96 hours maximum. June 2008, the FAA held an aviation fatigue management conference; it was the first event ever that focused on fatigue in all aspects of aviation; whether it occurr ed aboard an aircraft, in the hanger, enroute, or in air traffic control towers. This provided scientists data to work on something. The research shows that relatively little is known about the subtle effects of fatigue on the performance of flight crew during normal long haul flight operations. (Aviation Today’s Daily Brief) The research was aimed to find three big things, to get more current data and information on fatigue physiology, develop common theories about fatigue as well as identify challenges, and finally, make connections to make new moving patterns for goods. This experiment was done using crews of airplane staff and testing their reflexes in real life situations. The were two groups, a rested group that had gotten four days in a row off after a long haul flight and a second group that had just gotten off the long haul flight. Needless to say the group with the four days of no work did better in the scenarios. The simulator they were put in made them fly a normal route with a series of operational threats to create more stress and work for the crew. The results showed the FAA what needs to be worked on to create a better performance while flying long haul flights. The results also showed the little amount we know about fatigue and the affects on humans. So what is the impact on airplane pilots work hours and stress on flight safety? Pilots are impacted by stress and long work hours. The safety of the plane is at risk as soon as the pilot is sleep deprived or under strain. Ususally this is not a problem but in extreme cases it is. I think that airline companies need to put a limit on the number of hours a pilot can fly this should be decided on by research into such things. On the

Conjugating the Irregular French Verb Devenir (to Become)

Conjugating the Irregular French Verb 'Devenir' (to Become) Devenir, to become, is an  irregular French -ir verb, meaning the infinitive ends in -ir.  The chart below lists the conjugations of this verb; it does not include compound conjugations, which consist of some form of the auxiliary verb  Ãƒ ªtre  and the past participle devenu. Devenir Is Highly Irregular There are two groups within the irregular French  -ir  verbs, one around verbs like partir and sortir and a second around verbs like offrir and ouvrir,  that show some conjugation patterns. Devenir and similar verbs like venir  (to come), tenir  (to hold, to keep) and others do not fall into these groups, much less any conjugation group. Their conjugations are so unusual and unwieldy that you simply have to memorize them in order to use these verbs correctly Verbs Ending in -venir and -tenir Since devenir is conjugated the same way as similar verbs like venir and tenir, it follows that all French verbs ending in the suffixes  -venir  and  -tenir  are also conjugated this way. It makes life a little easier if you know the conjugation of at least one of these verbs; then you can apply the same endings to all like verbs. Here are some verbs ending in -venir and -tenir, all of which are conjugated in the same very irregular way as devenir, venir, and tenir. Abstenir to abstainConvenir  Ã‚  Ã‚  to suitTenir   to hold, keep  Devenir   to become  Revenir   to come [home], return  Dà ©tenir   to hold, detain  Obtenir   to obtain, get  Soutenir   to support, uphold  Parvenir  Ã‚   to achieve  Entretenir   to look after, maintain  Maintenir   to maintain  Intervenir   to intervene  Ã‚  Retenir   to retain  Prà ©venir  Ã‚  to warn, preventAppartenir   to belong to  Contenir   to contain  Survenir   crop up, happen, occur  Provenir   to come from  Advenir   to happen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Subvenir  Ã‚   to provide for  Contrevenir   to contravene  Circonvenir   to circumvent   Devenir: Uses and Expressions The following expressions show French students how to use  devenir in various phrases. Tu es devenue une femme. Youre a woman now.Devenir rà ©alità © to become a realityDevenir vieux to get or grow oldEt moi, quest-ce que je vais devenir?   Whats to become of me?Je ne sais pas ce que je deviendrais sans toi.   I dont know what Id do without you.Que devenez-vous?   How are you getting on? / Hows it going?Et lui, quest-ce quil devient? Whats he up to these days? (vous faire) devenir dingue  (familier),   (vous faire) devenir fou, (vous faire) devenir chà ¨vre  (familier)   enough to drive you mad /  enough  to make you scream Conjugating Devenir The table provides the simple conjugations of  devenir  in its various tenses and moods. Present Future Imperfect Present participle je deviens deviendrai devenais devenant tu deviens deviendras devenais il devient deviendra devenait nous devenons deviendrons devenions vous devenez deviendrez deveniez ils deviennent deviendront devenaient Passà © composà © Auxiliary verb à ªtre Past participle devenu Subjunctive Conditional Passà © simple Imperfect subjunctive je devienne deviendrais devins devinsse tu deviennes deviendrais devins devinsses il devienne deviendrait devint devà ®nt nous devenions deviendrions devà ®nmes devinssions vous deveniez deviendriez devà ®ntes devinssiez ils deviennent deviendraient devinrent devinssent Imperative tu deviens nous devenons vous devenez

Flat U.S. Wages Help Fuel Rebound in Manufacturing Assignment

Flat U.S. Wages Help Fuel Rebound in Manufacturing - Assignment Example With the sluggish economy, waning consumer confidence, and less access to credit (among other factors), manufacturers have struggled to keep pace. This reality, however, appears to be drawing to a close as manufacturing numbers and production output have been up in recent quarters. This phenomenon is partly fueled by the reality that wages in this sector have remained stagnant, ironically allowing manufacturing companies to catch up on their productivity and increase profitability due to less expense related to labor costs and benefits. It is important to understand the relationship that exists between labor cost and the cost of manufactured goods. In times of decreased production, if wages kept pace with inflation, many plants would quickly find themselves in dire situations. With the tables reversed, however, and production picking up due to stagnant wages, many industries in the manufacturing sector are returning to the United States. This further fueling the economic development, even though many argue that the retailing and services side of the economy are left out in the dark because of decreased buying power exhibited by workers. There are certainly challenges facing the manufacturing industry in America as it continues to compete in an increasingly global economy, but the current signs are positive and the trends are moving in the right direction.

Analysis of monthly cash budget of Cyrus Brown Manufacturing Company Essay

Analysis of monthly cash budget of Cyrus Brown Manufacturing Company - Essay Example We will note from the income statement the net cash inflows from operations during the year after deducting the direct manufacturing costs and indirect expenses. As shown from the FS, the sales forecast for March and April are not sufficient to produce profit for the said months as expenses exceed projected sales. For the month of May, profit will be realized as projected sales have been increased. A substantial loss is seen for the month of June. A brief analysis of the data reveals that the loss is because of an investment made for plant structure and payment of taxes. The biggest sales forecast comes in September; however, it is also coupled with corresponding increase of expenses that includes second installment of payment of taxes; total expenses are 90% of sales. Accordingly, expected profit is reduced. There is a 42% drop in sales in October which is quite significant as it will also considerably affect the projected profit of the company and will reduce the cash receipts for the month. There is no explanation why the forecast of sales has gone down in October and November. TheTaxes have been deducted from the computations so the earnings that are shown in the balance are NET, that is no tax and interest have to be deducted. The net earnings are funds available for other uses like payment of debts or for other investments (Investorwords, n.d.) A projected monthly cash flow statement for March to November is presented for CBM to show the incoming and outgoing cash in the operations of the business. (See Annex 1). A cash flow has been defined as an accounting process that shows the difference of amount of cash in the beginning (opening balance) and the amount at the end of the period (closing balance) (Business Dictionary.com., n.d.). Management of cash flows is an important part of the business operations because most often it becomes the source of failure for most businesses. Thus, FindLaw (n.d) contends that when the owner of the business understands th e concept of cash management, he is prepared in the unforeseen eventualities in the business because he has a plan. Cash flows may become positive or negative during operations. When it is positive, business is shown to be in a healthy condition, while negative cash outflow shows internal problems in the operations. For CBM, its cash position shows negative cash outflow in the first two months of operations because of poor collection in March and slow growth of sales in March up to April. Cash flows will show the sources of funds used in the operations and how and where the funds are used. For sources of funds CBM provided an opening balance of $50,000 and collections from monthly sales. For March, only 75% of projected sales are expected to be collected. From April to November, 100 percent collection is expected to be collected. Because expenses are more than the funds collected from March to June there is a shortage of funds for this period. Due to this, CBM needs to get outside s ources of funds to finance its operations for March, April and June. There is a large cash outflow in June because of a capital investment and payment of taxes in June, after which cash flow becomes positive and profit accrue to the business. The cash on hand provided by CBM is $50,000.00 and it will need additional funds to support its operations. Approximately CBM needs a minimum credit line of $24,500 to draw for its monthly shortage of funds. It is assumed that CBM had provided capital for operations and there is no need to borrow additional funds. Conclusion. A cash flow projection

Geographic Climate of Basketo, Ethiopia

Geographic Climate of Basketo, Ethiopia Outline Introduction The Geography of Basketo Transport, trade and infrastructures Spiritual aspect of the area Church statistics Openness to the gospel Opportunities and threats of the geography to the expansion of the gospel Socio- cultural aspects Influence of geography on the culture Conclusion and Recommendation Introduction Basketo is an area (a Wereda) found in South Western part of Ethiopia under the administration of South Nations Nationalities and People group region (SNNPR), 562 Km from the capital Addis Ababa. The Wereda is not part of any administrative zone. It is an autonomous area known as Basketo Special Wereda. Basketo is bordered on the South and West by South Omo Zone; and on the North by the Gamo Gofa Zone. The administrative town is known as Laska. The Basketo people are an Omotic-speaking ethnic group whose homeland lies in the southern part of the Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Basketo Wereda (district) is named after the ethnic group. According to the 2007 Ethiopian National census, the ethnic group has 78,284 members.[1] The linguistic neighbors of Basketo are Melo in the North, Gofa in the East, Dime and Bodi in the West and Aari and Gayil (Galila) in the South. (see figure 1) People in Gofa and Bulki refer both to the people and the language as ‘Mesketo’ but the native speakers identify themselves as ‘Basketo’ claiming that this was originally the name of a kind of sorghum which is typical of the area.[2] Traditionally, the people of Basketo are organized as a segmentary clan society handed by a divine king called Kati. The people worship a sky-god called â€Å"Tsosi†. This Tsosi is believed to be a creator of everything and can be reached only through a mediators such as ancestors through a proper sacrifices. There is also earth-god who is worshipped as a goddess. She is called â€Å"Indak-Kacharonde† The economic activity of Basketo is based on Agriculture but most families keep livestock. The main crops grow in the area include: cash crops: coffee, spices of different types; Cereals: wheat, Barely, teff; and others like yams, sweet potatoes, banana etc are grown. In addition to the cereals, pulses and root crops, there are highly demanded markeTable crops such as coffee, Spices (affaramom, ginger, â€Å"tikur Azmud† and â€Å"Hel†), fruits and banana. Unique genetic resources are found in the Wereda such as: organic coffee, gum trees (incense and rubber) and forest honey. The livestock population and the availability of grazing lands are potential for the development of modern livestock production activities.[3] In the past Basketo was part of the North Omo Zone and the 1994 national census counted its inhabitants as part of that zone. However, the Basketo people didn’t like it because they consider themselves different in many ways from those who are included in the zone. One of the significant factor of the it was the language difference. Despite the effort of the ruling party to emphasize the need to unite the smaller ethnic groups in order to bring consolidation and coordination to use the scarce government resources efficiently, the zone was divided into many smaller chunks. Then as a result of a lot of friction on the issue, Basketo was recognized as a special Wereda. In 2004 Basketo, because of its rich in mineral soil and spacious farm land, it was selected as one of several Weredas for voluntary resettlement of farmers from overpopulated areas. Since then Basketo has become a home for Wolaytta, Haddiyya and Konso people. A total of 7,000 household and 28,000 total family members.[4] II. The Geography of Basketo Basketo lies in an altitude of 700-2200. It is situated in a plateau. The landscape of Basketo includes all types of land forms. This makes it favorable for the growth of any type of crop and the production of annual and perennial crops. The climate that ranges from dega (highland) up to Qolla (lowland) makes it possible for the Basketo people to have a variety of food and export crops. Rivers in Basketo include Ergino, Sirso, Berso and Usino. Some of these rivers can be used for irrigation in the low land of Basketo. Even though the amount of the underground water is very high, the water if full of iron mineral and not healthy to drink. Therefore there is a lack of clean drinking water despite of the rich water resource underground. There are also valuable unexplored natural resources such as iron and gold in the area.[5] There are also dense forests and natural vegetations that covered a large part of the Wereda. However, after people from Hadiyya, Wolaytta and Konso resettled in the area a large part of the forest is destroyed for farm land, timber, fuel and building housing. Some of the resettled people cut trees for charcoal. Now this phenomena is creating a diverse effect on the climate and the existence of wild animals and bringing a long lasting problem contrary to what was expected by the government. Therefore, unless a solution is found soon, it will get worse and the Basketo people itself will be displaced from the area in the future. Transport, trade and infrastructures The Wereda has good potential for echo-tourism development. There are attractive land scenery and colorful cultures unique to the community. Unexplored but high economic value minerals such as gold and iron are available in the Wereda. Therefore, there is a good opportunity of attracting investors to the area. However, social services and existing infrastructure facilities are very weak. There are poor road networks connecting the kebeles with the Wereda capital and connecting Wereda to other neighboring Weredas. It has only 27 kilometers all weather road and 180 kilometers dry weather roads, for an average road density of 1803 km per square kilometers.[6] Agriculture is the major economic and livelihood system of the Wereda and the geographical features of the land is very suitable for crop production. The area has all types of climate. Dega, Kolla and Weynadega. In these different climatic areas different types of crops are produced. However, as it is said above, the infrastructure problem especially the road problem is hindering the people from selling their products for a good price. There is a market problem because of the road. If the people of Basketo had a good all-season road, many exporters would come to the area and invest their money there and the area could have been a source of income not only for the Basketo people but also for the country. Because of market problem, the people of Basketo does not have the trend of doing a large farming. They farm on a very small land to feed just their family. A few people farm a little bit wider and bring it to the market. Nowadays, agricultural products are very expensive in Basketo c ompared to many similar remote areas. The reason for this is because the farmers do not do enough farming that can sustain the market. The climate and drainage of the Wereda is conducive for the development of irrigation farms. The agricultural activities in the Wereda are mainly dependent on rainfall. As a result, the special Wereda was not able to produce sufficient food for consumption in the Wereda although the prevailing rivers would offer a good opportunity to enhance irrigated agriculture. Telecommunication facilities are underdeveloped. This makes communication very hard with other areas for trade and investment opportunities. But recently the Wereda has become mobile telephone and semi-automatic fixed telephone user. This is a good beginning to attract people to the area and make trade effective. On the other hand, the majority of the Wereda population depends on traditional energy sources, which have adverse impact on the environment. Mainly the poor infrastructure facilities have hampered the development of trade and industry in the Wereda. Education, health and potable water provisions are also inadequate in terms of quality and coverage.[7] Spiritual aspect of the area Church statistics Basketo was first evangelized by evangelists came from the neighboring areas (Weredas) Wolaytta and Goffa around 1945. Now in Basketo there are about 4 different evangelical church denominations and more than 70 congregations and of them the majority is Kale-Heywet Church which has more than 50 congregations. There are also Ethiopian Orthodox churches in the area. They are about 8 congregations. A Catholic church is planting a church in the resettlement area. Openness to the gospel The people of Basketo had been highly oppressed by witchcrafts, demonic worships and different costly sacrifices, they were highly burdened and many of them were looking for someone to rescue them. If they did not present an offering like money or animal which they were told to do so, they would suffer a loss of their children or their animals. They had no way to escape from the clasp of the devil. The area was full of witches and magicians. Even though the Ethiopian Orthodox church existed there for many years before the evangelical churches were established in the area, the people did not stop consulting witchdoctors. When the Land Lords from the Northern part of Ethiopia went to Basketo they introduced the Christian religion in the area. Many people of Basketo accepted Christianity forcefully. They were enforced to be baptized as a mass. However, since many of them did not willingly accepted it, they have no strong relation with God. They went to church to please their masters. Moreover, they did not receive any strong teaching about God by the priests. Most of the church’s services were conducted in Geez. Yet the people did not understand Amharic let alone Geez. This language gap widened the estrangement of Orthodox Christianity with the local people. Until recently all of the priests come from Amhara region. There was no local priest who is able to teach the people in their local language. Since they did not understand Christianity, the faith was syncretized with their pagan practices. They go to church on Sundays and on the rest of the week they go to consult magicians and witchcrafts. For so many decades Christianity became a mix of pagan practices and some elements from Christianity. It was in this context that evangelical Christians came to the scene with the gospel of Jesus Christ. Those who accepted the true gospel began to get free from demonic operations and raise the children without any harm. As the people observed this great miracle they began to respond to the gospel. As a result many people came to Christ. Witchcrafts and magicians, who have been a major threat for the people, began to disappear. Nowadays more than 80% of the population is Christian. Opportunities and threats of the geography to the expansion of the gospel The topography of Basketo is mountainous and valley. It is not easy to go from one place to the other by car. Infrastructure is not much developed in the area. Mostly the people walks on foot or very few people use horses or mules as a means of transportation. The people has very limited contact with other people groups mainly because of lack of modern transportation. This in turn has an adverse effect on the expansion of the gospel to the area and from the area to other neighboring areas. The Basketo church is now sending evangelists to different neighboring areas like Dime, Salamago Wereda, and other areas. However, transportation is a big issue in those areas. It is hard to visit these areas as often. Without a frequent travel and visit it is hard to provide the people with necessary spiritual growth materials and trainings. It is even hard to visit the evangelists working there and provide them with important materials whenever they need them. These area are very close to Basketo kilometer wise, but very far because of lack of transportation and the topography. Socio- cultural aspects The Influence of geography on the culture, language and intermarriage Basketo, as it is topographically and infrastructure wise not easily accessible, first of all, the culture is not highly influenced with other cultures. The people still holds on to its older cultural values very strongly. Intermarriage between Basketo and other people group is also very limited. More than 96% of the population lives in Basketo. Therefore marriage happens almost exclusively among themselves. Secondly, The geographical setting of Basketo makes hard for the people to communicate with other people very easily. The population is highly monolingual because of its less contact with speakers of other languages. Of course the neighboring areas like Galila and Melo people come to Basketo on market days and the Basketo traders go to these area on their market days. However, they spent there not more than half day. Therefore, except those who are frequent travelers, regular residents in that area and the bordering people, they do not have a lot of time to learn languages. Because of lack of transportation to those area, except some business people and those who have cousins there to visit, most people do not usually travel to these areas. Moreover it is not widely spoken by other people group outside the Basketo area. The people have a very limited contact with other language groups as it is mentioned. Many of them do not speak more than one language. Basketo is the main and the on ly language for all types of communication. Children at home and outside with their friends speak Basketo. In the market places and in the government offices the people use Basketo. Only those children who go to school learn Amharic as a second language. Therefore I can say that geography has in some ways a positive influence for the growth of the language. It may be seen as negative if one is concerned about the benefits of multilingualism. However, multilingualism can be gained from schools as students learn Amharic and English as a subject and as they interact with their teachers and some non-native people they encounter in the schools. For those who are more concerned about language maintenance and culture preservation, the geography of Basketo has a very positive contribution so far. From now on if infrastructure in improved, the influence can be minimal because Basketo language is given as one subject in all elementary students. The difficulty in accessibility of the area has a lot of implication on the culture change, language maintenance and change and intermarriage. As it is said above, the people is mostly monolingual and language shift does not seem possible in the near future. This is mainly because of the geography of the area. However new technologies and basic infrastructures play a big role for the expansion of God’s kingdom. Basketo is now reached with the gospel. However the church of Basketo needs to take the gospel to its neighboring areas. The church is sending evangelists to other areas. However, accessibility of those areas is still an issue for a rapid expansion of the gospel to a wider area and effective ministry. Conclusion and Recommendation Basketo is a land where we can find all the favorable climactic and geographical features that are necessary for the well being of human life. Its topography and landscape has given it its beauty of attraction. Basketo has never been drought stricken so far mainly because of its wonderful climactic features. However, the lack of infrastructures such as all weather roads that connects Basketo with the neighboring areas makes it difficult for the economical growth of the area as well as the expansion of the gospel. Basketo has all the natural gifts that can be a tourist attraction and investment opportunities. However, the challenge of the remoteness and topographic problems have not been dealt with the government. The geographical features of Basketo are God’s gift. We should not take the accessibility problem as impossibility. If infrastructures are made available all the challenges will be solved. But despite the fact that the area is one of the major potential areas of spice and food crop producer, the government did not take that part of the country very seriously. The church has the upper hand in the area, as it constitutes more than 90% of the population, but did not use the opportunity to influence the government. Our recommendation is that: first, the church should work with the government very closely to solve infrastructure problems. When this problem is solved it will serve the needs of both the government and the church. Basic infrastructures are very essential for the expansion of the gospel to that part of the country. Most of the neighboring areas are not reached with the gospel and we think that Basketo can play a major role in sending evangelists. Secondly, the church also needs to guard the natural resources of the area by teaching its people and working closely with the government and development organizations. The church also needs to involve in natural conservation and development works in order to tackle the changing climate because of the deforestation going on in the new resettlement areas. Bibliography Amha, Azeb. African languages and cultures 8. â€Å"CASE IN BASKETO† Taylor and Francis Ltd. 1995 http://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals#43693380 accessed April 25, 2012. SNNPR Bureau of Finance and economic development. â€Å"Detailed statistics on roads† http://uk.ask.com/wiki/Basketo_special_woreda (accessed 15 September 2009) SNNPR investment bureau. â€Å"Guide 2000† SNNPR resource potential and investment opportunities. http://www.southinvest.gov.et/Publications/guide%202000%20English.pdf accessed on April 20, 2012. Jordan, Linda. Gayil servey report. (Unpublished), 2007. DPPA. â€Å"Resettlement 2004† Disaster prevention and Preparedness Agency (DPPA) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misketto_language (accessed 26 November 2006) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misketto_language accessed on April 20, 2012. 1 [1] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia accessed on April 20, 2012. [2] Azeb Amha. African languages and cultures. â€Å"CASE IN BASKETO† p. 8,1995 pp. [3] â€Å"Guide 2000† SNNPR resource potential and investment opportunities. p.52 [4] â€Å"Resettlement 2004† Disaster prevention and Preparedness Agency (DPPA) (accessed 26 November 2006) [5] Guide 2000. P. 52 [6] â€Å"Detailed statistics on roads† SNNPR Bureau of Finance and economic development website (accessed 15 September 2009) [7] â€Å"Guide 2000† SNNPR resource potential and investment opportunities. pp. 52-53